國際商務合同中的用詞
國際商務合同中的詞語是構成合同文本最基本的單位。對合同文本中的一些單詞詞義的正確選擇,是翻譯合同文書的前提和基礎。如果選擇的詞義不確切,整篇譯文就難以理解。在翻譯合同文件時,會涉及到經濟、法律、貿易、金融、技術等領域的專業詞匯,這些詞匯在不同的合同條款和上下文中的表達和詞義有很大區別。即使在同一專業中的詞義都有很大區別,因此我們必須仔細推敲,選擇最確切的詞義。例如:cover一詞,作為動詞講一般都理解為“包括”,例如:The prices quoted in the brochure cover packing and are subject to 35%trade discount,可譯為:“小冊子所報的價格包括包裝費在內,可有35%的商業折扣。”但以下的含有cover的句子,就不能將cover譯成“包括”:
(1) No doubt there must have been some reason for the delay in shipment. To cover this contingency we cabled you On Mar.29 that we were extending the letter of credit for two weeks.
句中的cover應理解為“應付”,全句可譯成:
無疑,一定有某種致使裝船延誤的原因。為應付這一意外事件,我方已于3月29日電告你方,將信用證延期兩周。
(2)If Party A insists on ifs original quotation. Party B will have to cover its requirements elsewhere
句中的cover指“購進貨物”,全句可譯成:
如果甲方堅持原報價,則乙方只能從其他方面購進其需要的貨物。
(3)In order to cover our order, we have arranged with the Bank of China, Dalian Branch, a credit for USD 55,000.
句中的cover在這里表示“償付”,全句可譯成:
為支付我方訂貨,我方已聯系中國銀行大連分行開立55,000美元的信用證。
(4)Party B shall cover the goods with particular average.
句中的cover在這里的含義為:to insure sth against loss,全句可譯成:
乙方將對該貨物投保水漬險。
英譯漢是如此,漢譯英時也應該注意同類的問題。請看下面的句子:
如在解釋上有分歧,應以英文本為準。
該句中的“解釋”在漢英詞典上可以有多種選擇,如:explanation,construe,exposition,interpretation,但該句中的“解釋”是對依法成立的合同條款的正式性解釋,應選擇interpretation,全句可譯成:
In case Of any divergence Of interpretations, the English text shall prevail.
以上例子僅是選擇詞義的一個方面。本單元就合同翻譯時經常碰到的詞義處理問題,歸納為三個方面:同義詞的選擇,一詞多義的問題,容易混淆的詞的處理。現分述如下:
1. Choice of Synonyms同義詞的選擇
同義詞在英語中為數不少,在合同英語中也時常出現,翻譯時必須作出正確選擇。否則,如果同義詞選用不當,輕者會影響雙方的權利義務;重者可能造成履約爭議。同義詞的選擇,通常從以下幾方面著手:
1) Considering the Connotation根據單詞的內進行選擇
合同中出現的同義詞,從字面理解仿佛沒有很大區別,但仔細研究其內涵就會發現,它們在表現出共性的同時,也體現著它們的個性。這就要求譯者必須深人細致地精研其本質的區別,選出最恰當的單詞。
例如,合同中經常出現的to perform a contract, to fulfill a contract, to execute a contract, to implement a contract,這些短語都可以表示“履行合同”,從字面上看都對。然而在具體的合同條款中,表示履行不同的合同義務時,其用法是有區別的。
「例1」
關于79HP一106號合同項下尚未執行的180公噸NY2一11低密度聚乙烯,我們仍然認為貴方應盡快開證以保證履行合同。我們提請貴方注意,the Adviser Inc.和貴方同時向我方購買NY2—11低密度聚乙烯,他們已經在我方主動調價后不久履行了原合同,而且又和我們簽訂了較大數量的新合同。
With respect to the outstanding 180 M/r of low-density polyethylene NY2—11 under Contract No.79HP一106,we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc. , Who purchased LDPE NY2—11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quantity.
該句子出現的“履行”分別使用了perform和fulfill.我們首先研究一下這對同義詞的內涵:perform的法律含義是:to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract; fulfill的法律含義是:t0 do everything which is promised in a contract.其次,再研究一下合同各方應履行的合同義務:涉外合同一經生效,雙方當事人必須全面地、適當地履行合同中的義務,但是具體對某一方合同當事人來講,就是履行合同中最屬于他應該履行的那部分責任和義務。比如,在國際貨物銷售合同中,對買方來說,“履行合同”的概念就是payment,當然與payment有關的義務還有采用何種方式和支付工具付款等。如果該合同的價格條件是FOB的話,買方還要負責租船訂艙,支付運費,并將船期、船號及時通知賣方等。因此,如果強調合同的一方履行合同與所規定的該方的那部分具體義務相同,應該是fulfill a contract.如果是泛指雙方在合同中的各項責任和義務都應得到履行,則選用perform a contract較合適。又如:The Contractor shall fulfill all of its duties and obligations in carrying out its work and services hereunder(承租人必須忠實信守和履行下列各項規則)。
「例2」合同在有效期內,雙方對合同產品涉及的技術如有改進和發展,應相互免費將改進和發展的技術資料提供給對方使用。
Within the validity term of the Contract, both parties shall supply each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the Contract Products free of charge.
該句的謂語動詞“提供”一詞用了supply,就不如provide確切。盡管這兩個詞都表示“供給”,但在牽涉到金錢時,provide則表示to give sb sth free of charge, supply則不太明確,一般來說需要給錢。因此,該條款雖然明確了free of charge,但用provide更恰當。
「例3」改進和開發的技術,其所有權屬于改進和開發一方。
這一條的重點主要規定改進后的技術專有權歸屬問題,所以該句中正確地選擇“屬于”一詞是很關鍵的。有人選擇belong to,也有人選擇possess,還有人用own,這三個詞均可以表示“屬于”。我們分析一下這三個詞的內涵,belong t0的含義是指“屬于……財產”;possess和own雖然都著重于“所屬關系”,但possess只指目前屬于某人,并沒有講是如何得到的;而own含有“對……合法占有”,與原文意思一致,故把這一條款譯成:
The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology.
如果將“屬于”改用belong to,其主語就應該是ownership,表示“所有權屬于……”,因為the improved and developed technology屬于“知識產權”,而這種權利與物質財產有直接聯系。這樣,該句還可以調整如下:
The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who has improved and developed the technology.
「例4」本細則的解釋權,屬于中華人民共和國財政部。
句中的“屬于”是指power 0r right will be present or vested in sb or a body,故應選用reside in.全句譯成:
The right of interpreting the detailed Rules and Regulations resides in the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China.
2) Considering the Grammar根據句法要進行選擇
有些英語同義詞的選擇,是由句子的結構和搭配所要求的,這時譯者應認真研究這些同義詞的搭配關系,避免出現句法搭配上的錯誤。
「例5」合資經營企業的一切活動應遵守中華人民共和國法律。
這一條款中“遵守”一詞,英語中有observe, obey, abide by, comply with等,在選擇表示“遵守”的詞匯時,應根據句子搭配關系進行選擇。本句子中的主語是activity,漢語翻譯時應選擇comply with,表示to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand,故全句譯成:
All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People's Republic of China.
在使用observe和abide by時,其主語應該是合同的當事人,例如:The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work(承包方必須遵守和服從與該項工程有關的一切適用的法律、規章和條例)。
再如,合同經常出現的“由于”,在英語中,常用以下一組短語來表達:due to, owing to, in view of, because of. considering, in consideration.請比較下列句子:
(3)Sources suggested that this decline in exports is largely due to a sharp cutback in the credit offered by the Thai government to these countries.
有消息說,這種出口下降主要是由于泰國政府向這些國家提供的信貸大幅度削減所造成的。
(4) Because of the exceptional demand for electric blankets due to the prolonged cold weather. we are at present out of stock of the make you wish to order.
由于天氣持續寒冷,電熱毯需求量特大,你方欲訂購的制品目前正缺貨。
以上兩句中,由due to引出的短語均屬形容詞性質的短詞,分別在句中作表語和定語,一般不引出狀語。引出狀語,表示“由于”的短語往往選用because of和owing to.例如:
(5) Owing to the increasing demand for this type of our products, our stocks have run very low.
由于對此種產品的需求日益增長,我方的存貨已不多了。
(6)In consideration of your consistently good credibility, we can accept payment by D/P.
由于貴公司信譽一直很好,我們可以同意以付款單的方式接受付款。
句子中的in consideration of引出的短語也可以表示“由于”,一般作狀語,而后面的介詞賓語必須是褒義詞,一般不用貶義詞。
3) Considering the Style根據合同的文體進行選擇
合同英語屬條法英語,其文件的基本要求是用詞規范、正式、符合約定俗成的含義。
在選擇同義詞時,譯者應充分考慮合同文本的特點,選擇符合合同文體的正式的規范的詞匯,不能容許在文字選擇上存在隨意性。
「例6」
買方須于銷售確認書第三條所規定日期之前開出本批交易的信用證。否則,售方有權不經通知取消本確認書,或接受買方對本售貨確認書未履行的全部或一部分,或對因此遭受的損失提出索賠。
原譯文:
The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right lo rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained. if any.
該句條款中的“有權”,英文合同中大多選擇:to have the right或keep the right,但該句選用reserve the right to do sth. 比前兩種表達更正式,因為reserve本身就屬條法英語中的專用詞匯,表示to have a specified power of right in law.比如,我們經常看到的“版權所有”,用英語表達就是All rights reserved.句中的“取消”,英文中有cancel, abolish, call off等表達方式,而本句選用rescind專門指cancel a contract or an agreement;句中“提出賠償”中的“提出”,選用了lodge,在合同英語中其賓語只能是a claim或claims,合在一起to lodge a claim就是“提出索賠”。如果用raise ,put forward ,advance,盡管都可譯為“提出”,但都不能準確地表述“提出賠償”的含義。例如,用a claim作raise的賓語,寫成raise a claim,意思便成了“提出某項要求”。
「例7」
如乙方在技術資料的交付方面違約,不應要求甲方立即支付任何專利權使用費。
原譯文:
Party A shall not be asked to pay at once any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the Delivery of Technical Documentation.
該譯文中的ask應更換為require ,ask和require的意思雖然都是“要求”,但后者更正式;句中的at once應更換為forthwith,因為forthwith是公文體,較at once或immediately正式、嚴謹。例如:The Parties acknowledge and agree that the Joint Venture Company shall be formed forthwith upon satisfaction of the conditions(締約各方確認并同意,一旦條件符合,合資經營公司便立即組成)。
「例8」
公司的任何一方未經董事會一致通過及中國主管審批部門的批準,不得向第三方轉讓、抵押、出售或以其他方式處理其全部或部分投資。若一方要轉讓股份,必須遵守以下規定……
句中的“轉讓”一詞多數譯者選用transfer.但我們認為用assign更正式,assign/assignment是法律英語,表示to transfer property .rights to sb in accordance with laws;而transfer/transference僅表示to hand over the possession of property ,etc.,因此,本段可譯為:
Neither party of the Joint Venture may assign ,pledge ,sell or otherwise dispose of all or part of its investment subscribed to a third party without the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors and consent by the appropriate Cinese Government Approving Departments. In case that assignment is effected by one party ,the following stipulations must be observed.。。
「例9」
如果許可方允許任何第三方在任何地方使用本專利或相應的專利,及有關特許產品的生產、使用和銷售的許可證,而且其條件比本協議規定的條件更優惠,許可方應立即以書面形式將這些優惠許可的細節通知被許可方,被許可方有接受相同優惠條件的選擇權。
原譯文:
If the Licensor allows any other license under the Patent or their other responding patents to any third party in connection with the manufacture ,Use and sale Of the Licensed Products in any place under such conditions as are more favorable to a licensee than those provided herein, the licensor shall promptly inform the Licensee in written form of the details 0f such other license and the licensee has the choice to adopt equally favorable conditions.
譯文中的allow(允許,許可)不如用grant正式。grant在國際商務合同,尤其在許可證合同中表示許可方to allow the licensee to…,而allow僅表示to say that someone can do sth .inform一般指傳達某種信息和資料,如:He informed his staff that he was going to Spain on business(他告訴自己的職員,他要去西班牙出差);notify用在合同文體中,表示正式書面通知對方與其有關的利益,因此,句中的“通知”應選擇notify.前面的promptly也應更換為forthwith.句中最后的“選擇”應選用option,專門用于表示當事人的一種“選擇權”,尤其指offer to sb of the right to enter into a contract at a later date.例如:The Sellers have the option to deliver 5%more or less of the quantity contracted(賣方有按合同規定的數量多交或短交5%的選擇權)。
2. Words with Multi-interpretation一詞多義的處理
在合同英語中,一詞多義或一義多詞的現象較為普遍。要透徹理解這些詞義,必須結合上下文,仔細推敲。合同文體具有很強的邏輯性,詞與詞之間,段與段之間,款與款之間總是相互依存、相互制約的。在翻譯時,絕對不能孤立地、片面地和靜止地去理解條款中的詞義,應全面地、客觀地去理解和選擇詞義。以reference一詞為例,它的一般詞義是“參考”,但它在不同的上下文中就有不同的含義。因此,不能僅用“參考”二字“對號入座”。請看下例各句:
(1)Thank you for you r letter reference DT/Zi No.102.of 29th,March.
感謝你方3月29日編號為DT/Zi,No.102的來信。
reference在此例中指“編號” (number which makes it possible to find a document which has been filed)。
(2)We have had only one order from ABC Co. , Ltd. , so we regret we cannot give you a reference from long experience.
我們僅接受ABC有限公司的一筆定貨,很遺憾我們不能提供具有長期交往經歷的資信情況。
reference在此例中指“資信情況” (statement about a company's abilities)。
(3)Reference is made to your Sales Confirmation No.1529.
現談到你方的第1529號銷售確認書。
reference在此例中指“談到” (mentioning or dealing with)。
(4)The Buyers ask for credit and have given the Bank of China ,Beijing as a reference.
買方要求記賬交易,并提出中國銀行北京分行作為資信備詢人。
reference在此例中指“咨信備詢人”(person who reports on someone's character or abilities)。
(5)The Sales Company is given the same power with reference to apportioning the commission.
關于傭金的分配問題,應授予銷售公司同樣的權利。
with reference to在此例中意思為“關于”(about or concerning sb or sth)。
(6) A reference to your records will show that we have more than once asked you to establish L/C against S/C No.2523.
閱你方記錄可以看出,我方已多次催促,要求你方對第2523號銷售確認書開立信用證。
reference在此例中指“查閱”。
以上只是含有reference一詞的部分詞義。可見,如果把reference一概譯為“參考”不僅詞不達義,而且還會影響條款的效力。一詞多義的選擇和確定通常從以下幾方面著手:
1) Considering the Part of Speech根據詞性確定詞義
英語中有許多書寫形式相同的詞,卻有著不同的詞性,而詞性不同,意義也有所差異。因此,在翻譯時首先要斷定這個詞在原文中的詞性,根據詞性再進一步確定其詞義。
「例10」
(1) Arbitration of all questions in dispute under this contract shall be al the choice Of either party and shall be in accordance with the International Arbitration Rules Of American Arbitration Association.
對在合同中一切有爭議的問題是否付諸仲裁將由任何一方作出選擇,并須按照美國仲裁協會的國際仲裁規則進行仲裁。
(2) Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.
我方的產品均用上等的原料制成,因此,在各方面都會使貴方滿意。
由于以上兩句中的choice的詞性不同,在詞義的確定上也有所不同。第一句中的choice是名詞,意思為“選擇”(act of choosing between two or more possibilities);第二句中的choice是形容詞,意思為“優質的”(of very good quality)。
「例11」
(1) The prices quoted include a progressive commission ,to be calculated on FOB basis ,o f 2%for a single order for 10 dozen or up 3%for 30 dozen or up.
所報價格包括累進傭金,按FOB價為基礎計算,每定單在10打及以上時傭金為2%,30打及以上時為3%。
(2) Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates and this contract shall supersede all previous commitments.
乙方受制造廠家的委托購買鋼板,因此本合同將取代以前的一切承諾。
以上兩句中的commission,由于詞性不同,詞義具有很大的區別。前一句中的commission在合同中經常以名詞形式出現,意思為“傭金”;后一句中的commission是動詞,其意思為“委托”或“代理”。再如:The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall carry out all maintenance work during commissioning period (在試運行期問,承包方應負責進行一切維修工作)。
「例12」
(1) The time limit for inspection and claim is 60 days after discharge Of the cargo at the port Of destination.
檢驗與索賠的期限為貨物卸至目的港后60天。
(2) Party B agrees that the expiration of this license shall not discharge party B from its obligation.
乙方同意在許可證到期時并不免除乙方應盡的義務。
(3) Routine duties of the Joint Venture Company are lo be discharged by the general manager appointed by the Board of Directors.
董事會任命的總經理,負責履行合營公司的日常職權。
以上三句中都含有discharge,在不同的合同條款中,其詞義也有很大不同。第一句中的discharge是名詞(也可作動詞)。詞義為:“卸貨”(unloading cargo from a ship),經常出現在國際貨物買賣合同中;第二句中的discharge是動詞,意思為“免除”(releasing one party from the terms of a contract);第三句中的discharge也是動詞,意思為“履行”(carrying out one's duty)。 discharge在用作名詞時,還可以表示“一批發運的貨物”,如:Party B shall check the quality of each dispatch in accordance with the Contract(乙方應按合同規定檢查每批發出的貨物的質量)。
「例13」
The Contractor's Site Representative shall be present at the site throughout normal working hours except when on leave sick, or absent for reasons connected with the proper performance of the Contract.
The Contractor shall at all time keep the premises free from accumulation of waste materials or rubbish caused by the Works and at the completion of the Works shall remove all remaining materials from and about the premises and shall leave the Site and Plant safe, clean and ready for Use.
在整個正常的工作時間內,除因假期、患病或由于正當履行合同而缺勤等理由外,承包商的現場代表必須到現場上班。在任何時候,承包商應始終避免因施工而使廢料或垃圾堆放在施工現場,在施工結束時,應清除所有施工現場及其周圍地區存放的剩余材料,使現場和工廠保持安全、清潔,以便隨時可以使用。
以上例句中的兩個條款中均含有leave一詞,其中第一款中的leave是名詞,意思為:“假期”(time absent from duty or work);第二款中的leave是動詞,意思為:“保持”(to remain in a certain condition)。
需要指出的是,有時同一詞類由于其形式的不同,其詞義也有所不同。
「例14」
(1) The directors and officers of the Buyer in office on the effective date of the merger shall continue in office as the directors and officers of the Buyer for the term elected until their respective successors shall be elected.
企業合并生效之日,買方的在職董事和在職高級職員應繼續留任為買方的董事和高級職員,其任期保留到選舉出他們各自的繼任人為止。
該句中的office是不可數的抽象名詞,意思為“公職、官職”(work and duties connected with a position of trust and authority)。
(2) We hope to be able to reciprocate you r good offices on a similar occasion.
我們希望能在類似情況下報答你方的鼎力幫助。
該句中的offices只用復數形式,表示“幫助”,經常使用的短語有through sb's good offices(承某人的鼎力幫助)。
「例14」
(1) If the vessel had arrived at the loading port within the Confirmed Dates. the loading operation could be carried out now.
如果船只在確認日期內已到達裝貨港,現在就能夠進行裝貨作業。
句中的operation是單數形式,一般表示“操作,作業”或“經營”。又如:These first stockholders shall organize and elect a Board of Directors and thereafter, such Board of Directors shall control the operation of the new corporation(應由首批股東組織選出董事會,然后,由這一董事會控制這家公司的經營)。
(2) We welcome any suggestions you may offer for our business operations.
貴方對我方業務活動所提出的任何建議,我方都表示歡迎。
句中的operations常用復數形式,表示“一種有計劃的業務活動”。
2) Considering the Profession根據專業來確定詞義
合同英語中會涉及各類不同的專業。專業不同,某些詞語的詞義也就相應地需要調整。因此,根據不同的專業來確定詞義也是重要的選詞手段。
「例15」
(1)The invoice shall be subject to the usual trade discounts allowed by the Consignor.
發票須按照發貨人所給予的通常批發折扣開立。句中的discount意思為“折扣”(amount of money taken off the cost of sth),是商業貿易中常用的詞匯。對某一價格打折扣,可接用of或on.例如:We are prepared to grant you a discount of 5%on the price(我方準備給予你方5%的價格折扣)。
(2)The Buyer shall lodge a 90-day note in Bank of China, Taiyuan Branch for discount.
買方將把一張90天的期票提交中國銀行太原分行貼現。
句中的discount意思為“貼現”(the amount of money deducted from the face value of a note),是銀行業務中常用的詞匯。
「例16」
(1) Our end-users consider the Voltmeter to be unfit from application and claim that the instrument be replaced by you with a sound one.
我方用戶認為該電量計不適于使用,要求你方用一只好的替換。
句中的instrument在機械設備中,指“儀器”。
(2) The board of directors may authorize any agent or agents to enter into any Contract or execute and deliver any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation.
董事會可授權任何代理人以公司名義并代表公司簽訂合同或簽發單據。
該句中的instrument在商業上多表示“正式的單據或文件”(formal document)。又如:The attorney is authorized to make, sign and deliver any other instrument, whether sealed or unsealed(律師有權撰寫、簽署和發送任何其他密封或開封的文件)。
(3) A party to an instrument may authorize an agent to endorse the instrument but must specify the principal-agent relationship On the instrument.
票據當事人可以委托其代理人在票據上簽章,但應當在票據上注明其代理關系。
該句中instrument在結算業務中表示票據的總稱。比如:《中華人民共和國票據法》規定“本法所稱的票據,是指匯票,本票和支票”,英譯為:The term “negotiable instrument ”as used in this law denotes “bill of exchange”, “promissory note'‘ and ”Cheque".
「例17」
(1) The Ocean freight and transfer charges from the interior points to the port of shipment shall be paid by Buyer.
該項海運費及從內地發貨點至裝船口岸的中轉費均須由買方支付。
該句中的freight在國際貿易中常指“運費” (money charged for carrying goods)。
(2)This freight must be carefully handled when loading.
貨物裝載時必須小心搬運。
該句中的freight在國內運輸中一般指“貨物”(cargo or goods which are carried by land or sea or air),不指“運費”。
「例18」
he premium rates vary with differed interests insured and with different destinations. routes and carrying periods of insurance.
保險費率隨保險貨物的不同而變化,也隨目的地、航線和保險責任有效期的不同而變化。
句中的interest在保險業務中指“被保險的貨物”。
(2)If the Buyer fails to pay any amount when due, the Buyer shall be liable to pay to the Seller overdue interest on such unpaid amount from the due date until the actual date of payment at the rate of five percent per annum. Such overdue interest shall be paid upon demand of the Seller.
如果買方未能按期支付到期款項,那么,買方應支付賣方從到期之日起算至實際支付之日止的年利率為5%的利息。一經賣方提出,買方應支付該過期利息。
此句中的interest在國際支付業務中,表示一方由于未能支付到期應付的款項,而向另一方支付的利息。
(3)The articles of our immediate interest are your “CHUNHUI'‘ Brand Agricultural Washing Machines.
我們當前需要的商品是你方的春暉牌農用洗衣機。
該句中的interest譯為“所需要的產品或業務”,經常出現在要約文本中,詞義主要是從interest(興趣)產生的轉義。
3) Considering the Collocation根據詞的搭配關系確定詞義
搭配關系,是指一個詞與另一個詞連用而產生意義上的聯系。一個詞單獨存在時是一個意思,但與其他詞搭配使用就可能產生出各種不同的詞義。因此,在確定和選擇詞義時,還必須考慮詞與詞的搭配關系。
「例19」
(1)In case of any request by either party, the party having possession of the desired records may deliver the appropriate records to the requesting party.
如遇任何一方提出要求,擁有所需記錄資料的一方可將合適的記錄遞交給提出要求的一方。
句中含有case的介詞短語in case of,其含義為“假使,如果”,引出狀語。
(2)The price difference should in no case be as big as USD25 per metric ton.
價格的差額決不會大到每公噸25美元。
句中含有case的介詞短語in no case,意思為“決不”,具有副詞性質,用作狀語。
(3)In case of an order for more than 6000 pieces, Party B allows a special discount Of 6 per cent.
至于數量在6000件以上的定單,乙方愿給予6%的特別折扣。
該句中的in the case of與第一句的in case of只有一個定冠詞之別,但其意思卻有很大區別,前者意思為“至于,就……來說”,而后者的意思是“假如”。
「例20」
(1)Upon the arrival 0f the goods at the place of delivery the Buyers claim an allowance 0f USD 350 On account Of inferior quality.
貨物運抵交付地點后,由于貨物質量不佳,買方要求索賠350美元。
句中的allowance與動詞claim搭配,意思為“賠償費”。
(2) Both Party A and Party B shall make a liberal allowance for such unforeseen circumstances arising during transit.
甲、乙雙方應充分考慮到運輸中所發生的意外情況。
句中的allowance在make allowance for結構中表示:在做某種決定時,“考慮到某事物”(to consider sth when making a decision)。
「例21」
The part of the contract price shall be paid in USD by way of an irrevocable Letter of Credit against presentation by Contractor to the negotiable bank.
合同價格要根據承包人要求,在議付銀行以不可撤銷的信用證方式用美元支付。
句中的negotiable作為形容詞在修飾bank時,譯成“議付”。形容詞negotiable就其本身而言意思為:“可談判的”,但是在修飾不同的名詞時其含義也就不同。試比較:negotiable amount(可議付的金額),negotiable bill of lading(可過戶證券),negotiable certificate of deposit(流通存單)等。
「例22」
(1)All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the law, decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
合營公司的一切活動,必須遵守中華人民共和國的法律、法令和有關條例及規定。
句中govern作為及物動詞,其本意為“統治、治理、支配”,如In Britain the Queen reigns but elected representatives of the people govern the country(在英國,女王是君主,而治理國家的卻是民選的代表)。而本句中的govern的賓語是all activities of the joint venture company,其后的by引出的又是有關的law和decrees,因此,根據其搭配關系,句子中的govern 應理解為“遵守”。
(2) The Surviving Corporation shall continue to be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China.
該幸存下來的公司將繼續由中華人民共和國法律管轄。
該句中govern的賓語是corporation,兩詞搭配,譯成被動句“由……管轄”。
「例23」
The carder's responsibility for the cargo ceases immediately when the cargo leaves the ship's tackle and thereafter all risks and expenses involved are the responsibility of the cargo.
當貨物離開輪船掛鉤時,承運人的責任即行終止,此后一切風險及費用一概由貨主負責。
該句的cargo出現了三次,其中前兩個根據其搭配關系均可理解為:a load of goods carried in a ship or aircraft(用船或飛機運載的貨物);但第三個cargo用of引出,修飾responsibility,而且句子的主語為risks and expenses,因此,根據該詞與句中其他詞的搭配關系,應理解為“貨主”。
3. Easily-confused Words易混淆的詞
國際商務合同中還有一些易混淆的詞,這些詞中有的書寫雖基本相同,內容卻有很大區別;有的可以表達同一概念,但使用場合有別;還有的詞語由于發生變形,產生了權利義務的改變等。因此,對于易混淆的詞語,譯者一定要運用綜合分析判斷的方法,勤查專業工具書,從共性中發現其個性,切忌生搬硬套,囫圇吞棗。易混淆詞的處理,應注意以下幾點:
1) Attention to Meaning注意書寫基本近似,但意義不同的詞
英文中有許多詞在書寫上基本上相似,但在內容上有很大的區別,特別是一些短語,更換一個介詞或添加一個冠詞,其內容就會有很大的區別。這些詞或短語一定要引起譯者的足夠重視。
「例24」
(1) The Party B shall request his bankers to open an Irrevocable letter of credit in Party A's favour upon receipt of Party A's Confirmation of this order.
一但收到甲方關于此項訂貨的確認后,乙方便要求其銀行開立以甲方為受益人的信用證。
句中的短語in one's favour意思為“以……為受益人”。
(2)Our goods that we offer you are much in favour on the European Continent.
我方向你方報盤的貨物,在歐洲大陸頗受好評。
該句中的in favour與上句的in one's favour只相差一個名詞所有格形式或形容詞性物主代詞,但意義卻大不相同。in favour在本句中的意思是“受賞識,受好評”。
「例25」
(1) The Foreign Party shall furnish to the Joint Venture Company all the technical data necessary to ensure the effective operation of the machinery.
外方必須向合資公司提供一切必要的技術數據,以保證機械設備的正常運行。
句中的動詞ensure意思為“保證,擔保”,其書寫與insure只相差一個字母,但意義卻完全不同。又如:
(2) The Seller have insured the goods FPA and against War Risk at the rate of 0.5%for the sum of USD 36,000 with the Insurance company.
賣方已為該貨物向保險公司投保平安險和戰爭險,費率0.5%,投保額為36,000美元。
該句中的insure表示to make a contract that promises to pay sb an amount of money in case of accident,injury,death or damage or loss of sth.
「例26」
(1) Up to now we have not heard anything from them about the order in question.
到目前為止,我方仍未接到他們關于該定貨的任何消息。
句中的in question意思為“正在被談起的”,經常譯成“該”,如:the Contract in question(該合同)。
(2)It is obviously out of question to effect the shipment in June.
很明顯,6月份交貨不成問題。
句中的out of question意思為: “毫無疑問”或“沒有問題”。
(3)The prices shown in price-lists and catalogues shall be deemed to be the rock-bottom prices and any further reductions is out of the question.
價目單和商品目錄中標明的價格,應視為最低價格,不會再次減價。
該句中的out of the question與上句中的out of question只相差一個定冠詞,但其意義卻完全相反。前者表示impossible,而后者卻表示no problem.
「例27」
(1) The Borrower agrees to transfer t0 the lender the right to accept and substitute other assigned accounts subsequent to this date, in lieu of accounts this day assigned.
借款人同意向出借人轉讓收取和兌取自即日起的以后各項應收賬款的權利,用以取代今天的各項應收賬款。
句中的lieu意思為“代替”,如:accept a cheque in lieu of cash(接受支票替代現金)。
(2) Machinery shall become the sole property of the Joint Venture Company, free and clear of all liens, charges and claims of any kind whatsoever.
機械設備應成為合資公司的獨占財產,不存在任何留置權,不存在任何費用,索賠等情況。
該句中的lien與上句中的lieu書寫非常近似,但lien的意思為right to keep sb's property until a debt owed in connection with it,法律上稱“留置權”,屬擔保方式的一種。
2) Attention to the Relation
注意同一概念、但表達不同權利義關系的詞
合同英語中的某些單詞,單獨地看,其概念是一致的。但在條款的具體應用中,其表現的權利義務關系和用詞的規范與否是不同的。
「例28」
(1) The Contract Price set forth in this Contract shall not include any withholding tariff and any charges imposed on the contractor by the government in New Zealand.
原譯文:
在合同中規定的合同價格,不應包括新西蘭政府向承包人征收的扣交稅金和任何費用。
該譯文中的“稅金”應改為“關稅”。tariff在表示“稅”時,主要用于“關稅”,即:a schedule or system of duties imposed by a government on goods imported or exported at the rate of duty imposed in tariff.
(2) The China Corporation shall bear all relevant taxes and levies imposed upon the personnel by the Chinese Government, whereas the Employer shall bear the same imposed upon the personnel by the Government of the Project-host Country.
中國公司應負責交納中國政府對人員所征收的一切稅金;雇主應負責交納項目所在國政府對人員所征繳的一切稅金。
該句中出現了兩個有關“稅金”的單詞,即taxes and levies.其中tax在表示“稅”時,主要強調:money taken compulsorily by the government or by an official body to pay for government services; levy作為名詞,主要表示一種“征稅”的行為,即:money which is demanded and collected by the government or by an agency or by an official body.因此,句中的taxes and levies合在一起可理解為:(中國政府所征收的)“一切稅金”。
(3)The prices quoted above do not include any taxes. duties, impost and any other charges of any kind which may be levied in China.
以上所指的價格并不包括在中國境內所征收的各種稅款、關稅、進口稅以及其他各種費用。
該句中除taxes外,還出現兩個表示“稅”的單詞,即duty 和impost.其中duty主要強調the tax imposed by a government on merchandise imported from another country,可理解為“關稅”。但duty在表示“關稅”時與tariff是有本質區別的,前者主要表示tax to be paid for importing,而后者除表示tax to be paid for importing外,還可以表示tax to be paid for exporting,所以,在翻譯duty時,一般應結合上下文寫成:“在某國內所征收的關稅”;句中出現的另一個表示“稅”的單詞是impost,這個詞純粹表示“進口稅”,但不一定是通過海關所征的稅。
「例29」
(1)合資各方的責任:
甲方責任:
1.辦理為設立合資公司向中國有關主管部門申請批準,登記注冊,領取營業執照等事宜;
2.……
乙方責任:
1.辦理合資企業委托在中國境外選購機械設備等有關的事宜:
2.……
(1) Responsibilities of Each Party to the Joint Venture
Responsibility Of Party A:
1.Handling of approval. registration business license and other matters concerning the establishment of the Joint Venture Company from the relevant departments in charge in China.
2. ……。
Responsibility Of Party B:
1. Handling the matters entrusted by the Joint Venture Company, such as selecting and purchasing machinery and equipment outside China, etc.
2.……
英譯該條款時,應首先確定和選擇“責任”一詞的英語表述。合同英語中經常出現的兩個表示“責任”的單詞,一個為liability,另一個為responsibility.這是兩個極易混淆的詞匯,
在表達當事人的責任時是共同的,但涉及到具體的權利義務時,兩詞是有嚴格區別的。
liability在表示責任時,主要強調兩個方面:一方面指“賠償責任”(being legally responsible for paying or damage or loss),如:The underwriters refused to take any liability for the losses(承包人對損失拒絕承擔責任);另一方面指“債務責任‘(一般用復數形式liabilities),如:The Seller shall refund to the Buyer such amounts after paying all tax liabilities(在付清一切稅款后,賣方須向買方償還這些款項)。因此,”有限責任公司“常被譯成limited liability company,表示a company where a member is responsible for repaying the company’s debts only up to the face value of the shares he owns.
responsibility在表示“責任”時,著重強調“職責、義務”(commitment or duty for which a party is responsible),如:The licensee shall assume full responsibility for the payment of all royalties(對于一切專利權使用費的支付事宜,許可證受讓方應承擔完全責任)。
由上面的分析和比較可見,以上句子中的“責任”顯然是合同各方應履行的職責和義務。因此,應譯為responsibility.
(2)任何一方當事人違反合同的賠償責任,應相當于另一方因此所受到的損失,但不得超過違反合同的一方訂立合同時應當預見到的因違反合同可能造成的損失。
The liability of a party to pay compensation for the breach of a contract shall be equal to the loss suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. However, such compensation may not exceed the loss, which the party responsible for the breach ought to have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as a possible consequence of a breach of contract.
該句中的“責任”明顯是一種being legally responsible for paying loss,所以選擇liability是合適的。
3) Attention to the Legal Expressions
注意表達不同法律關系但意義近似的詞
某些表達當事人法律關系的漢語詞或其近義詞在不同的上下文中,其內涵不盡相同。把這些詞譯成英語時,必須認真研究分析,必要時應對合同中當事人約定的權利義務條件進行比較,選出最恰當的英語詞匯。
「例30」
(1)由于發生地震、臺風、水災、火災、戰爭及其他無法預見并且對其發生和后果均不能防止或避免的不可抗力事件,致使直接影響合同的履行或者不能按約定的條件履行時,遇有上述不可抗力事件的一方,應立即將事件情況書面通知對方,并在其后15天內,提供事件詳情及全部或部分合同不能或需要延期履行的理由的有效證明文件,此項證明文件應由事件發生地區的公證機構出具。按照事件對履行合同影響的程度,由雙方協商決定是否解除合同,或者部分免除履行合同的責任,或者延期履行合同。
原譯文:
Should either of the parties of the Contract be prevented from executing the Contract by Force Majeure, such as earthquake, typhoon, flood, fire and war and other unforeseen events, and their happenings and consequences are unpreventable and unavoidable, the presented party shall notify the other party by a written notice without any delay, and within 15 days thereafter provide the detailed information of the events and a valid document for evidence issued by the relevant public notary organization for explaining the reason of its inability to execute or delay the execution of all or part of the Contract. Both parties shal1,through consultations, decide whether to terminate the Contract or to exempt the part of obligations for implementation of the Contract or whether to delay the execution of the Contract according to the effects of the events on the performance of the Contract.
該句子的英譯文在表達原文內容上是沒什么問題的,但是將句中的“解除合同”譯成to terminate the contract有些不妥。因為,從法律意義上講,to terminate the contract是指“終止合同”,而“終止合同”的法律行為,必須在出現了終止合同的法律事件后才能實行。按照《中華人民共和國合同法》的規定,“終止合同”的法定情形有七種(見《中華人民共和國合同法》第91條)。該條款主要說明的是,由于“不可抗力事件‘(Force Majeure Events)致使合同無法履行,這種事由不屬于終止合同的條件,而屬解除合同的條件。因此,”解除合同“應選用to rescind the Contract,這樣符合法定解除合同的情形。另外,譯文either of the parties of the Contract中的第二個介詞of應換成to,譯成:the parties to the Contract,因為to表示一種歸屬關系,即:”履行合同的雙方當事人“。
(2)當事人一方有另一方不能履行合同的確切證據時,可以中止履行合同,但是應當通知另一方;當另一方對履行合同提供了充分的保證時,應當履行合同。
原譯文:
The Party shall terminate its performance of the contract if it has conclusive evidence that the other party is unable to perform the contract. However, It shall immediately inform the other party of such termination.
該句中的譯者將“中止”誤理解為“終止”,譯成了to terminate its performance of the Contract,這是個原則性的錯誤。“中止”和“終止”在法律上均有“停止”的意思,但前者表示,因故暫停正在履行的合同,待造成中止的原因消除后,再恢復合同的履行,其英譯應該是:to suspend its performance of the Contract;后者表示完全結束正在履行的合同,其英譯文是 to terminate the Contract.
(3)乙方將其50萬美元的定期存款單移交甲方占有,將該單證作為債權的質押憑證。
The Party B shall deliver his certificate of fixed deposits of USD 500, 000 to the Party A for possession and take the said fixed deposits as mortgage Of the obligatory right.
該句是一則借款合同中的擔保條款。乙方將存款移交給甲方作為擔保,屬于擔保方式中的“質押”,而且是一種“權利質押”。顯然,譯文中用mortgage表示“質押”是不能完全達意的。mortgage盡管也表示用財產擔保,但這種擔保方式是以不轉移財產的占有向債權人擔保;本款中的擔保是以轉移財產的占有向債權人作為擔保,屬于transfer of objects or documents to Creditor as security for a loan.因此,“質押”選用pledge 較妥,mortgage屬于“抵押”的范疇。
Useful Words and Phrases常用詞語
cover v.
包括,應付,償付,投保
construe v.
解釋
to perform a contract/to fulfill a contract/to execute a
contract/to implement a contract
履行合同
comply with
遵守
in consideration of
由于
all right reserved
版權所有
call off
取消
lodge v.
提出
forthwith adv.
立即
grant v.
許可
reference n.
編號,資信情況,談到,資信備詢人,查閱
with reference to
關于
choice adj.
優質的
commission n.
委托代理
through sb's good office
承某人的鼎力幫助
operations n.(pl.)
有計劃的業務活動
discount n.
(銀行業務)貼現
instrument n.
(商業)單據文件;(結算業務)票據的總稱
promissory note
本票
freight n.
運費,貨物
in the case of
至于,就……來說
in case of
假如
(claim) allowance
(索要)賠償費
make allowance for
考慮到某事物
negotiable bank
議付行
negotiable certificate of deposit
流通存單
in one's favor
以……為收益人
in favor
受賞識,受好評
ensure v.
保證,擔保
in question
正在被談起的
out of the question
不可能的
out of question
毫無疑問
lieu n.
代替
lien n.
留置權
taxes and levies
(政府所征收的)一切稅金
impost n.
稅
mortgage n.
用財產擔保(抵押)
pledge v.
質押(動產或權利)
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