2015年12月英語四級寫作輔導(dǎo)：英語倒裝
一、何謂英語倒裝句
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等語的目的而顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句。由于語法結(jié)構(gòu)的要求，或是由于修辭的需要，往往要改變句子的自然語序，把一些本應(yīng)置于主語之后的句子成分提到主語之前，而且倒裝語序大多都用于強(qiáng)調(diào)。
二、英語倒裝句的分類
常用的倒裝句為完全倒裝，部分倒裝，特殊從句倒裝，比較從句倒裝。
1、完全倒裝
完全倒樁，又稱“全部倒裝”，是指將句子中的謂語全部置于主語之前，通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。
(1)謂語+主語+……There be/appear/come/remain+主語(+地點(diǎn)或時間狀語)
e.g. There appeared to be a woman in red.那里有個穿紅衣服的女人。
(2)副詞+謂語動詞+名詞主語+表示方向的副詞，如 out，down，in，up，away，on
e.g. Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
若開頭用詞為：here，there，now，thus，hence，then，也會倒裝
e.g. Here comes the taxi.
(3)過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞+be的各種形式+主語+……
e.g. Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.
2、部分倒裝
部分倒裝，又稱半倒裝句，指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)動詞倒裝至主語之前，而謂語動詞無變化。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞 do， does 或 did，并將其置于主語之前。
(1)下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時，若置句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝 ：
never，no，neither，not only，hardly，scarcely，little，seldom，rarely，not until，nowhere，at no time，on no account，in no respect，in no sense，by no means，in no way，no longer，no less，no more，no sooner than，under no circumstances，in vain，still less.
e.g. Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.
(2)以only修飾狀語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝
e.g. Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.
(3)以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝
倒裝副詞/短語：often，so，well，to such a degree，to such an extent，to such extremes，to such a point，many a time
e.g. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
3、特殊從句的倒裝
(1)讓步從句的倒裝
(i)as 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句：必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。
e.g. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.
(ii)出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他中。
e.g. Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic. The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. Come what may, I'll be on your side.
4、比較從句的倒裝
as，than 引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。
例如：Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce. Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.
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