1、條件關系

　　as long as, even if, even though, if, if…… not, on condition that, otherwise, provided, supposing, unless

　　2、空間關系

　　above, across, around, before, behind, below,beneath,beside, close at hand,close to,down, far ahead, far behind, farther,here,in front of, in the distance,in the middle of,nearby, near to, next to, on,on the left/right,opposite to, over,there,to the left/right,under, up

　　3、舉例說明

　　a case in point, as an illustration, for example, for instance, for one thing…… for another, likewise, namely, on one hand. . . on the other hand,similarly, such as, such. . . as, take. . . for example, that is, to give another example, to illustrate

　　4、解釋或定義

　　in other words, in simple terms, namely, that is, that is to say

　　5、時間關系

　　above all, after, and, after a while, afterward, also, as soon as, at first, at last, before, besides, eventually, finally, firstly, first of all, further, furthermore, immediately, in addition, in the end, in the first place, last, later, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, recently, secondly, shortly, since then, soon, then, thirdly, to begin with, to start with, what’s more

　　6、遞進關系

　　provided, supposing, unless, additionally, again, and, also, another, besides, further, furthermore, in addition (to), likewise, more, moreover, not only. . . but also, too, what’ s more

　　7、強調關系

　　above all, actually, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, clearly, first of all, in any case, in fact, indeed, in particular, most important of all, naturally, no doubt, obviously, of course, on no account, surely

　　8、因果關系

　　accordingly, account for, as a result, as for, because, because of, consequent-ly, contribute to, due to, for, for this reason, hence, lead to, now that, on account of, owing to, result from, result in, since, so, thanks to, then, therefore, thus

　　9、轉折關系

　　after all, all at once, all of a sudden, although, anything, as a matter of fact, apart from, but, despite, different from, even so, even though, except for, however, in contrast to, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on one hand……, on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, though, unless, unlike, yet

　　10、比較與對比關系

　　another, at the same time, but, by contrast, compared to, compared with, despite, differ from, different from, equally (important), even so, have. . . in common, however, likewise, in comparison (with) , in contrast (to), instead, in the same way, not only. . . but also, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, similarly, similar to, still, the same as, unlike, whereas, while, yet

　　11、總結與歸納

　　above all, accordingly, all in all, altogether, as a result, by and large, briefly speaking, consequently ,finally, generally speaking, hence, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in general, in short, in summary, on the whole, so, therefore, thus, to be brief, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up

　　12、引用他人的觀點

　　as it is known to all, as sb. puts it, as we all know, as . . . goes, as the proverb says, it is often said that, some people argue

　　13、發表個人觀點

　　as far as. . . be concerned, as for sb., as to sth., from one’s point of view, in one’s eyes, in one’s opinion, in the eyes of sb., it seems to sb. that, when it comes to……

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