前 言：
　　教習過好幾門課程，深感寫作這一課是最難教的，“危乎高哉！‘寫作’之難難于上青天。……一夫當關，萬夫莫開。”學生學習英語寫作多時，大多不能迥脫蹊徑之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲觀起來，認定“文不可以‘教’而能”。雖說文字和技法可以也應當教一些，俾學生邯鄲學步，漸次入門，但就本質特征而論，寫作遠不只是一個章法和技巧的問題，而是“氣之所行”，是皮相之下許多深層主觀因素的綜合，是一個厚積薄發的養成過程。這些主觀因素，在我看來，體現在國內的英語寫作考試當中只局限于素心爛讀的積累。Reading makes a full man.這是英國學者的傳世之言，我們的祖先說“讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神”。我們贊嘆一篇文章，往往是因為我們被文章中的語言所吸引、所征服：語匯豐富、句式整齊、語言或精練或華麗，句式安排熟練自如，自然流暢；而者只能來自于 reading。但是我們已沒有那么多的時間去“讀”了，于是乎，語言的總結就變得極其必要！
　　要歸納記敘文中漂亮、地道的語言是困難的，但是要歸納論說文這個各種英語考試的作文類型中的語言不是不可能的。論說文是由開頭、結尾、啟轉、分析、舉例、比較等部分所組成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型來表達。由于這些句型都是地道的英語，是經過千錘百煉，且能表達論說文寫作中的不同意思，若能把以論說文為主的當代英語essays中的這些句型摘錄歸納成類，供讀者參考，無疑是能有助于提高英語寫作的語言水平。
　　模仿和學用漂亮和地道的英語表達法或句型并不是可恥的事。地道的英語不應是你用學過的詞匯和語法規則按某個意思苦苦思索造出來的，地道的英語應是你把英美人對這個意思的習慣說法用到你自己的文章上來的。該講義收集了論說文常用的一些句型，與六級考試的一些文章結構模式；希望同學們能以此為依據，Practice makes perfect，達到熟能生巧的境界，從而在六級考試作文部分獲得理想的分數！
　　寫作原則
　　內容簡單化
　　結構模式化（主題句-分論點-總結）
　　語言要包裝
　　錯誤要回避
　　萬能理由 (Omnipotence)：
　　1、方便：convenient/convenience
　　2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency
　　3、節省和浪費：save time/money/space; economical, thrift
　　waste time/money/space; costly, lavish
　　4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,
　　considerate, confident, creative, sociable,
　　perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative
　　5、人的身體健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic
　　6、娛樂：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax
　　tired, boring, lonely
　　7、環境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty
　　8、安全和危險：safe, danger, risk
　　9：經驗：experience, social experience, enter the society
　　10、人際：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely
　　基本表達(Basic Elements of English Writing)：
　　越來越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of
　　人們認為：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that
　　許多問題：a host of/a number of problems
　　引起人們注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.
　　意識到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger
　　適應新的形勢/變化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change
　　接觸各種思想/經歷：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems
　　接觸社會：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society
　　獲得成功：achieve/accomplish success
　　提出觀點/建議：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions
　　作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)
　　影響學習/工作：interfere with studies/work
　　產生影響：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on
　　較好地駕馭生活：be a better pilot of one’s life
　　剝奪機會/權力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity
　　取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way
　　采取措施：take effective steps/measures to
　　控制我們的環境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment
　　躲避危險/挑戰：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge
　　滿足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of
　　補償損失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage
　　解釋某現象：account for/explain the phenomenon
　　對……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on. provide/gain an insight into
　　把某因素考慮進去：take sth. Into account(consideration), give much thought to
　　品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth
　　培養對……的信心：develop/foster one’s interest/confidence in
　　經歷變化/困難/艱險：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience
　　表現出自信心等：project one’s confidence/feeling/image
　　生活充滿不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice
　　追求學習/職業：pursue one’s academic interest/professional career
　　學習知識/技術：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill
　　被看作學習的……榜樣：be held up as a good example
　　交流經驗/知識：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge
　　發揮/起到重要作用：play an (important/active/great) role/part
　　逃學/缺課：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture
　　知識/經驗豐富：rich in knowledge/experience
　　確立/追求目標：set/pursue a goal/higher standard
　　到達目標：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective
　　克服困難：overcome obstacles/difficulty
　　面臨危險/困難：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty
　　阻礙了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth
　　阻礙了發展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of
　　持傳統的看法：hold conventional wisdom
　　發表看法：voice/express one’s opinion
　　持相反/合理的觀點：take the opposite/fresh view
　　揭穿某種一貫的說法：shatter the myth of
　　求得幫助：enlist one’s support/help
　　縮小差別：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf (between city and country)
　　把成功/錯誤歸咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to
　　對……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to
　　施加壓力：put/exert a academic pressure on
　　重視：assign/attach much importance/significance to
　　強調：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on
　　把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one’s attention/efforts/thoughts upon
　　提供機會/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.
　　抓住機會：grab/seize/take the opportunity
　　得到機會：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information
　　有可能：there is (little/much) possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that
　　展開競爭：compete against/with sb. for the prize/position/control/the mastery of
　　開展運動：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage) a (vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising) campaign (for/against)
　　對我很有/沒有什么意義：make much/little sense to me
　　帶來無窮的幸福/滿足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint
　　獻身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career
　　大不（沒什么）兩樣：make much(little/no) difference
　　真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is …
　　改變生活旅程：change/alter the course of life
　　建立在大量的學習/實踐上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice
　　進行調查/執行任務：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment
　　辭去工作/學習：leave/quit one’s job/work/school
　　參加考試/競賽等：enter (for) the examination/contest, race
　　參加活動/討論：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion
　　影響思想/態度/事件的形成：shape one’s thinking/attitude
　　進入大學/社會/家庭/勞力市場/職業：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals
　　實現自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one’s dream(hops/wish/desire)
　　減輕壓力/緊張：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension
　　提高社會地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership
　　提高技術/能力：sharpen (increase/improve/enhance/boost) one’s skill/ability
　　加快/促進發展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of
　　隨著生活節奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society
　　開闊眼界/興趣：broaden one’s interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) one’s mental horizons
　　有助于了解/發展/宣傳/解決：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of
　　有助于解決問題：go a long way to(towards) solving the problem
　　迷戀名利/分數：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune
　　把時間花/浪費在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.
　　利用機會/技術：make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent
　　把知識/經驗運用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use
　　取得進步：make much progress/strides/gains in
　　充分發揮潛力/能力：develop one’s ability/potential to the full, give full play to one’s ability
　　充滿激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for

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