如何正確運(yùn)用GRE寫作中的論證?精品老師為你解讀
在新GRE作文中,每一篇都需要有一定的論證手法呈現(xiàn),這樣才能使得新GRE寫作看起來(lái)比較有內(nèi)涵,能吸引考官的眼球。那考生都有哪些論證方法可以使用?我們?cè)诖藶榭忌娼庾xGRE考試寫作的論證。
一、演繹推理論證法
將一個(gè)具體的事例運(yùn)用到一個(gè)一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。
論點(diǎn):demand for this product wii go up。
論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
(說(shuō)明:由論據(jù)“the price of the product is sliding ”推出論點(diǎn)“Demand for this product will go up”,這個(gè)過(guò)程是否有效取決于推理依據(jù)“whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises”是否成立。下面每一種論證方法都是如此)
二、定義法
界定一個(gè)概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認(rèn)定某個(gè)事物符合某個(gè)定義,從而得出結(jié)論。例如:
論點(diǎn):Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.
三、因果關(guān)系論證法
將一個(gè)判斷放入一個(gè)因果關(guān)系中,指出它或者是原因,或者是結(jié)果。例如:
論點(diǎn):The internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the group's depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個(gè)具體事例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。如:
論點(diǎn):Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:
論點(diǎn):The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù):The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較,并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比(過(guò)去的事物同現(xiàn)在的、同一類事物的類比)、橫向類比(同一時(shí)期、同一事物之間的類比)、比喻式類比(不同類別事物之間的類比)。例如:
七、引用權(quán)威論證法
引用公認(rèn)的權(quán)威,或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對(duì)自己的觀點(diǎn)加以論證。例如:
論點(diǎn):China's economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸嘗試法
利用人們的常識(shí)【包括:普遍的價(jià)值觀念、人的普遍動(dòng)機(jī)、生活常識(shí)】進(jìn)行論證。例如:
1.訴諸普遍性的價(jià)值觀念。
論點(diǎn):The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.
九、反證法
假設(shè)一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是正確的,然后卻推導(dǎo)出荒謬的結(jié)論。例如:
論點(diǎn):An industrious man must also be thrifty.
論據(jù):With only industry but without thrift ,the person will end uo bankrupt.
推理依據(jù):An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)論證法
提供數(shù)據(jù),以資論證。例如:
論點(diǎn):We should end the current poverty-relief program.
論據(jù):It costs $45 million per year.
推理依據(jù):This is too much;it proves we should end it.
只是一個(gè)詳細(xì)的結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析說(shuō)明,在具體運(yùn)用時(shí),我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起,但只要合理即可。新GRE寫作的論據(jù)可以自己編造,也可以是大眾的例子,關(guān)鍵在于自己怎么樣建立新GRE作文的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些GRE考試寫作技巧,可能我們只用到某種或某幾種,但我們必須得會(huì)至少一種。
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