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弗洛伊德觀點： 選擇的自由性及阻止自由意志的三大因素

People are not free and do not have free will due to unseen forces within the human mind and areas of the unconscious which is not aware to us. There are arguments that go against the principle of free will in reference to the unconscious. Many people who have done studies in this area conclude that the unconscious can be seen or measured, so it is able to exist.

According to Sigmund Freud, the unconscious does exist and the areas of the human mind control and affect our behavior. Freud also states that because of these forces, free will is prevented. Freud proposes three aspects of our personality that prevent free will. They are the Id, Ego, and the Super Ego. Many People feel they are free and possess free will. They do not feel that some mechanism in their mind is the basis for their behavior and actions. They feel that they have the ability to size up a situation, think about their options, and choose how they will act. What we do then, is the result of our own deliberate free choice. There are unseen forces that prevent free will. These unseen forces along with other factors prevent us from acting freely.

人的局限性

history has taught us that from the advent of time, man has proven himself to be his own worst enemy. Throughout history, various controversies and disputes have progressed into major wars with devastating effects. Some people believe that these are the subsequent results of increasing power in man. To many, it may seem that the acquisition of varying degrees of power and influence cause marked changes in otherwise placid personalities. The more power one has, the more he wants and, what is worst, he is never satisfied. This mentality, however, is not accelerated

by power, but rather by an inner drive which comes as a result of one?s limitations.

征服是人的局限性的結果

Disputes and world conquests are not manifestations of human power, but the inevitable results of human limitations. Along with power comes a keener sense of security and self-confidence which, when threatened by others or discontented factors, becomes the basis for disputes and world conquests. This takes shape when an individual has reached his or her limitations as a human being. An individual?s limitations can be regarded as his or her imperfections, which is the bridge that separates man from the supreme beings. These limitations encompass the lack of ability to deal with moral, emotional, mental and physical predicaments. These can be further categorized as insecurity, poverty, fear, lust, greed, and lack of knowledge among other things. These are the limitations that are present in a human being, and that actuates him or her to abuse and misuse power. With the absence of these limitations, there would be no compulsive ordinance for any disputes and conquests, because an individual?s emotions and confidence would then be directed towards compromise. If an individual is confined to accept reality as it is, then he or she will be led into having an egocentric mentality, which will be transformed into disputes.

自我控制

The self-control of motivation is increasingly understood as a subset of emotional intelligence; a person may be highly intelligent according to a more conservative definition (as measured by many intelligence tests), yet unmotivated to dedicate this intelligence to certain tasks. Yale School of Management Professor Victor Vroom?s “expectancy theory” provides an account of when people will decide whether to exert self-control to pursue a particular goal.

自我意象的概念

Self-efficacy is an impression that one is capable of performing in a certain manner or attaining certain goals. It is a belief that one has the capabilities to execute the courses of actions required to manage prospective situations. Unlike efficacy, which is the power to produce an effect (in essence, competence), self-efficacy is the belief (whether or not accurate) that one has the power to produce that effect. For example, a person with high self—efficacy may engage in a more health related activity when an illness occurs, whereas a person with low self-efficacy would result in feelings of hopelessness.

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