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創新的特點

A further characterization of innovation is as an organizational or management process. For example, Davila (2006), write: “Innovation, like many business functions, is a management process that requires specific tools, rules, and discipline.”

From this point of view, the emphasis is moved from the introduction of specific novel and useful ideas to the general organizational processes and procedures for generating, considering, and acting on such insights leading to significant organizational improvements in terms of improved or new business products, services, or internal processes.

創新者的6大特點

A 2005/6 MIT survey of innovation in technology found a number of characteristics common to innovators working in that field.

1. They are not troubled by the idea of failure.

2. They realize that failure can be learned from and that the “failed” technology can later be reused for other purposes.

3. They know innovation requires that one works in advanced areas where failure is a real possibility.

4. Innovators are curious about what is happening in a myriad of disciplines, not only their own specialism.

5. Innovators are open to third-party experiments with their products.

6. They recognize that a useful innovation must be “robust”, flexible and adaptable.

創新的5大類型

Scholars have identified at a variety of classifications for types innovations. Here is an unordered ad-hoc list of examples:

1. Business model innovation involves changing the way business is done in terms of capturing value, e.g. Compaq vs. Dell, hub and spoke airlines vs. Southwest, and Hertz/Avis vs. Enterprise.

2. Marketing innovation is the development of new marketing methods with improvement in product design or packaging, product promotion or pricing.

3. Organizational innovation involves the creation or alteration of business structures, practices, and models, and may therefore include process, marketing and business model innovation.

4. Process innovation involves the implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method.

5. Product innovation involves the introduction of a new good or service that is new or substantially improved. This might include improvements in functional characteristics, technical abilities, ease of use, or any other dimension.

兩種層次的創新

As innovation in specific technologies, services or methods that are of interest at firm level, scholars such as Christopher Freeman have proposed two levels of innovation that are important at an industry or economy level:

1. New technological systems (systemic innovations) give rise to new industrial sectors, and induce major change across several branches of the economy. These systemic innovations are based on a range of radical and incremental socio-technical innovation.

2. Technological revolutions or new techno-economic paradigms refer to clusters of innovations that can change the whole economy, corresponding to Joseph Schumpeter’s “creative gales of destruction”. These revolutions can take decades to occur, as they involve massive innovation of economic, social and cultural practices.

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