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聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)： 印象和觀察

Imprinting is the term used in psychology and ethology to describe any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior. It was first used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of some stimulus, which is therefore said to be “imprinted” onto the subject.

The most basic learning process is imitation; one’s personal repetition of an observed process, such as a smile. Thus an imitation will take one’s time (attention to the details), space (a location for learning), skills (or practice), and other resources (for example, a protected area). Through copying, most infants learn how to hunt (i.e., direct one’s attention), feed and perform most basic tasks necessary for survival.

聯(lián)想學(xué)習(xí)： 作用物條件和經(jīng)典條件

Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. Operant conditioning is distinguished from Pavlovian conditioning in that operant conditioning deals with the modification of voluntary behavior. Discrimination learning is a major form of operant conditioning. One form of it is called Errorless Learning.

The typical paradigm for classical conditioning involves repeatedly pairing an unconditioned stimulus (which unfailingly evokes a particular response) with another stimulus (which does not normally evoke the response). Following conditioning, the response occurs both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the other, unrelated stimulus (now referred to as the “conditioned stimulus”). The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned response.

質(zhì)疑的好處

Being skeptic is not a radical way of thinking, but a logical thought process. It is important for healthy skepticism to keep our minds open to new ideas, and to prevent us from becoming

unthinking dogmatists with no individuality. If there were no one in the world to doubt, then we’ll all still believe the world is flat and science would never exist. Skepticism is a healthy outlook that doesn’t hinder our society, as some may have you believe, but benefits it. To begin we should define the requirements for knowledge.

質(zhì)疑的必要性

However, it is possible for our senses to trick us. The skeptic argument is that if we can believe we are awake when we are in fact dreaming in our beds, then we can be dreaming at any moment and not know it. In this way, our senses are tricking us. When we hear something in our dream, there is nothing actually making that noise, it is something we only think we hear because we are dreaming. In our dreams we can have any sensual experience we perceive while we are awake, yet while we are dreaming, we are being fooled by our senses into thinking things that do not exist are real. Since all our information about the world comes from our senses, and our senses can fool us at any time, we can therefore never be sure we have any knowledge about the world. The Epistemist may again argue this point, delivering ways of deciphering whether or not you are truly experiencing something or hallucinating through a dream, such as another’s testimony. However, many magicians make their living by performing illusions in front of large audiences. In this case everyone experiences the same illusion, yet none of them know the truth. If you have ever been deceived by someone, perhaps even someone you have trusted for a long period of time, you know that it is much harder to trust that person from that point on. Many people would in fact choose not to believe a word that came out of that person’s mouth ever again.

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