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全球化對國家的三大影響

Globalization affects the nation-state in three ways. First, globalization, especially the global marketplace, takes certain powers away from the nation-state. Nation-states are not as in command of their economic futures as they used to be. The best example of this is the increasing inability of governments to control their currencies. Exchange rates are now determined by other people?s assessment of a country?s economic well-being.

At the same time, globalization creates new possibilities and motivations for local cultural autonomy and identities. This “push down effect” of globalization is the reason for the revival of local nationalism and local forms of cultural identity in all parts of the world. It may seem strange but the more we globalize, the more we localize.

The third effect of globalization is that it also pushes sideways. This is best seen in the emergence of regional groupings, which is called “regional states”.

Clearly globalization is a complex set of partly contradictory forces. It is not, as globalization critics suggest, a single force pulling in a single direction.

全球化對十大領域的影響

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:

1. Industrial (alias trans-nationalization)—emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies.

2. Financial—emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for corporate, national and sub-national borrowers.

3. Economic—realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital.

4. Political—political globalization is the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships among nations and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization.

5. informational—increase in informationflows between geographically remote locations.

6. Ecological—the advent of global environmental challenges that can not be solved without international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Many factories are built in developing countries where they can pollute freely.

7. Social—the achievement of free circulation by people of all nations.

8. Transportation—fewer and fewer European cars on European roads each year (the same can also be said about American cars on American roads) and the death of distance through the incorporation of technology to decrease travel time.

9. Cultural—growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities such as Globalism—which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a “world culture”.

10. Technical/Legal—development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones.

全球化擁護者對現有政策的批評

Supporters of globalization are highly critical of some current policies, in particular, the very high subsidies to and protective tariffs for agriculture in the developed world. For example, almost half of the budget of the European Union goes to agricultural subsidies, mainly to large farms and agricultural businesses, which form a powerful lobby. Japan gave 47 billion dollars in 2005 in subsidies to its agricultural sector, nearly four times the amount it gave in total foreign aid. The US gives 3.9 billion dollars each year in subsidies to its cotton sector, including 25,000 growers, three times more in subsidies than the entire USAID budget for Africa?s 500 million people.

This drains the taxed money and increases the prices for the consumers in developed world, decreases competition and efficiency, prevents exports by more competitive agricultural and other sectors in the developed world due to retaliatory trade barriers, and undermines the very type of industry in which the developing countries do have comparative advantages. Tariffs and trade barriers, thereby, hinder the economic development of developing economies, adversely affecting living standards in these countries.

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