一、 復合句的種類

　　英語的復合句一般分為三大類型：名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句。

　　(一) 名詞性從句

　　在整個復合句中起名詞作用，充當主語、賓語、表語和同位語等的各種從句，統稱為名詞性從句。名詞性從句主要有以下幾種：

　　1. that 引導的從句 e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car. (據報道，三分之一的廣州市民打算購買私家車。)

　　2. whether/if 引導的從句 e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue of controversy.(廣州是否禁摩托車成了有爭議的話題。)

　　3. how/why/when/where引導的從句 e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia. (本文將探討為什么這么多白領失眠的原因。)

　　4. who/whom/whose/what/which引導的從句 e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation is still unknown.(誰對環境惡化負責還不清楚。)

　　(二) 形容詞性從句

　　具有形容詞功能，在復合句中做定語的從句被稱之為形容詞性從句或定語從句。被修飾的名詞、詞組或代詞被稱為先行詞。形容詞性從句分為兩種類型：

　　(1)由關系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which, as引導的從句。 例如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical. (強烈反對克隆人的人們認為這樣做不道德和不合倫理)

　　(2)由關系副詞when, where, why引導的從句。例如: I would like to analyze the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted to gambling.(我將分析為什么越來越多的青少年沉迷于賭博的原因。)

　　(三) 副詞性從句

　　副詞性從句也稱為狀語從句，主要用來修飾主句或者主句的謂語。大致分為九大類，分別表示時間、地點、原因、目的、結果、條件、讓步、比較和方式。

　　(1)時間狀語從句 e.g. When everyone is fully aware of the severity of fresh water scarcity and takes effective measures, I am convinced that we will tackle this problem constructively.(當每個人充分意識到淡水短缺的嚴重性，并采取有效措施，我相信我們一定能妥善解決好這個問題。)

　　(2) 地點狀語從句 e.g. Where there is smoke, there is fire.(無風不起浪)

　　(3) 原因狀語從句 e.g. Pets should be forbidden because they may spread diseases and damage the cityscape.(應該禁止飼養寵物，因為它們可能會傳播疾病和有損市容。)

　　(4) 目的狀語從句 e.g. Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. (應當鼓勵老人到敬老院居住，這樣他們可以享受到專業的照料和一流的設施。)

　　(5) 結果狀語從句 e.g. Some government officials fail to recognize the potential hazards of improper waste disposal, so that the environment in some cities is deteriorating.(一些政府官員未能認識到垃圾處理不當帶來的潛在危害，因此一些城市的環境不斷惡化。)

　　(6) 條件狀語從句 e.g. If we continue to overlook the increasing waste in Guangzhou, it is likely that Guangzhou will become a huge landfill site sooner or later.(如果我們繼續無視廣州日益增多的垃圾，有可能不久的將來廣州將成為巨大的垃圾填埋場。)

　　(7)讓步狀語從句 e.g. While I admit that smoking has some side-effects, I still feel that it is ridiculous to ban smoking in public places.(雖然我承認吸煙有副作用，我依然覺得公共場所禁煙是荒唐的。)

　　(8) 比較狀語從句 e.g. Red is two times as much as Blue.(紅色是藍色的兩倍。)

　　(9) 方式狀語從句 e.g. Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare of other weaker species.(正如我們保護弱者一樣，我們也應該保護弱勢物種的福利。)

　　二、怎樣高效運用復合句寫好引言段

　　Well begun is half done是大家耳熟能詳的英語諺語。也就是說，一個漂亮的開頭，往往是文章寫作成功的一半。尤其在雅思和新托福寫作考試中，好的開頭往往能夠在瞬間吸引考官眼球，留下良好的第一印象。那么，我們怎樣才能寫漂亮的引言段呢?首先，我們要做到開門見山，明確寫作話題和目的。怎樣才能做到開門見山?我們可以采用以下幾種方式：

　　1. 采用統計數字引出話題，把問題呈現在讀者面前;

　　2. 提出有爭議性的問題，激發讀者興趣，使其積極參與討論;

　　3. 以新穎的觀點，吸引讀者注意力;

　　4. 呈現該話題正反方的觀點;

　　5. 引用名人名言、諺語等作為文章的開頭;

　　6. 對將要討論的話題進行定義。

　　其次，要善于運用復合句，從而使引言段簡潔明了，開宗明義。下面我們將探討雅思與新托福各種題材和體裁文章引言段的寫作方法。

　　(一) 引用數據呈現討論的話題，說明問題的嚴重性或者重要性，引起讀者的關注。

　　下面我們結合幾道雅思和新托福作文話題進行實戰演練。

　　我們在寫關于體罰的話題文章時，可以這樣開頭：It is reported that a boy in Zhuhai was beaten to death by his father on Father’ Day. Ample evidence also shows that children who are frequently abused by their parents or teachers tend to be introverted, pessimistic, indifferent and even world-weary. Recently, there has arisen a fierce argument on whether corporal punishment should be abolished. Teachers, parents and experts take diverse attitudes towards this issue.(據報道，在父親節那天，珠海有個小男孩被老爸揍死了。充分的證據也顯示，經常遭父母或老師虐待的小孩往往比較內向、悲觀、冷漠甚至厭世。近來，關于是否應該廢除體罰出現了一場激烈的爭論，老師、家長和專家各執一詞。)

　　而我們在寫關于該不該禁煙的話題時，可以這樣開頭：A recent study conducted by Zhongshan University has found that the number of smokers has been increasing sharply over the past five years. Research findings also reveal that the incidence of smoking-related conditions has soared. As a result, the ban on smoking has been in the spotlight. (中山大學最近做的一個研究表明，在過去五年里，吸煙者人數急劇上升。研究結果同時顯示，吸煙導致的疾病發病率也急劇增長。因此，禁煙成了個熱點話題。)

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