2017英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)作文話題：加強(qiáng)教育還是無(wú)法解決收入不均

　　2016專八改革后專八作文類型更趨于題材作文，不僅需要考生對(duì)詞匯及語(yǔ)法的熟悉運(yùn)用更是對(duì)考生思維拓展的一項(xiàng)考察，新東方在線英語(yǔ)專八頻道整理了一系列2017英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)作文話題供考生們參考練習(xí)。

　　Suppose you accept the persuasive data thatinequality has been rising in the United States andmost advanced nations in recent decades. Butsuppose you don’t want to fight inequality throughpolitically polarizing steps like higher taxes on thewealthy or a more generous social welfare system.

　　假設(shè)你認(rèn)同這樣一個(gè)令人信服的數(shù)據(jù)分析：近幾十年里，收入不均現(xiàn)象在美國(guó)及大多數(shù)先進(jìn)國(guó)家一直愈演愈烈;同時(shí)也假設(shè)你并不想通過(guò)政治領(lǐng)域的分裂措施來(lái)對(duì)抗收入不均現(xiàn)象，譬如對(duì)富人加稅，或者加大社會(huì)福利力度。

　　There remains a plausible solution to risinginequality that avoids those polarizing ideas: strengthening education so that more Americanscan benefit from the advances of the 21st-century economy. This is a solution thatconservatives, centrists and liberals alike can comfortably get behind. After all, who doesn’tfavor a stronger educational system? But a new paper shows why the math just doesn’t add up,at least if the goal is addressing the gap between the very rich and everyone else.

　　此外還有一種貌似可信的辦法，既能夠繞開那種分裂思維，又能夠解決收入不均的加劇，那就是加強(qiáng)教育，從而讓更多的美國(guó)人能夠從21世紀(jì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步中受益。這是一項(xiàng)保守派、中間派和自由派都能泰然支持的政策。畢竟，有誰(shuí)會(huì)不喜歡更強(qiáng)大的教育系統(tǒng)呢?但是一篇新論文卻闡述了這張算盤為何打不響——至少它無(wú)法消弭巨富階層與其他民眾之間的貧富差距。

　　Brad Hershbein, Melissa Kearney and Lawrence Summers offer a simple little simulation thatshows the limits of education as an inequality-fighter. In short, more education would be greatnews for middle and lower-income Americans, increasing their pay and economic security. Itjust isn’t up to the task of meaningfully reducing inequality, which is being driven by thesharp upward movement of the very top of the income distribution.

　　布拉德·賀什本(Brad Hershbein)、梅麗莎·科爾尼(Melissa Kearney)和勞倫斯·薩莫斯(LawrenceSummers)提供了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的模擬小實(shí)驗(yàn)，為大家演示教育在對(duì)抗收入不均現(xiàn)象上的局限性。簡(jiǎn)言之，更高的學(xué)歷對(duì)于中低收入的美國(guó)人而言是條喜訊，這能提升他們的薪資水平，加強(qiáng)他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障。只是這并不等同于如何有意義地緩解收入不均的問(wèn)題，而后者當(dāng)前的驅(qū)動(dòng)力來(lái)自于收入分配最頂層人口的急劇向上流動(dòng)。

　　It is all the more interesting that the research comes from Mr. Summers, a former Treasurysecretary who is hardly known as a soak-the-rich class warrior. It is published by the HamiltonProject, a centrist research group operating with Wall Street funding and seeking to find third-way-style solutions to America’s problems that can unite left and right.

　　更加值得玩味的是，這項(xiàng)研究出自薩莫斯先生之手，他是前任財(cái)政部長(zhǎng)，很難被歸類為“仇富派”的勇士。該研究的結(jié)果由漢密爾頓項(xiàng)目(Hamilton Project)發(fā)布，這是一個(gè)中間派的研究小組，由華爾街資助，致力于針對(duì)美國(guó)的種種難題，尋找能夠同時(shí)團(tuán)結(jié)左右兩派的第三類途徑對(duì)策。

　　In their simulation, they assume that 10 percent of non-college-educated men of primeworking age suddenly obtained a college degree or higher, which would be an unprecedentedrise in the proportion of the work force with advanced education.

　　在他們的模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)中，他們假定處于黃金工作年齡的未受本科教育者中，有10%突然獲得了本科或本科以上學(xué)歷，這將導(dǎo)致高等學(xué)歷勞動(dòng)者所占比例出現(xiàn)前所未有的提升。

　　They assume that these more educated men go from their current pay levels to pay that is inline with current college graduates, minus an adjustment for the fact that more college gradsin the work force could depress their wages a bit.

　　他們假定，這些學(xué)歷有所提高的勞動(dòng)者的薪資金額，將從原有水平調(diào)整至原有本科學(xué)歷者的同等水平，再減去一個(gè)調(diào)整金額，因?yàn)閯趧?dòng)力市場(chǎng)中的本科學(xué)歷者人數(shù)增加，可能會(huì)引發(fā)這一人群工資水平的輕微下降。

　　There is no doubt that in this simulated world with a more educated labor force, middle-incomeworkers earn more — $37,060 in simulated 2013 earnings for a person at the 50th percentile,compared with $34,000 in the real world, a 9 percent improvement.

　　毋庸置疑，在這個(gè)勞動(dòng)者的學(xué)歷水平經(jīng)過(guò)提高的模擬世界中，中等收入勞動(dòng)者的收入出現(xiàn)了增長(zhǎng)――1名收入排在第50百分位的勞動(dòng)者，2013年收入的模擬值為37,060美元，較現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中34,000美元的實(shí)際收入水平，增長(zhǎng)了9%。

　　But that improvement brings that 50th-percentile worker only back closer to the inflation-adjusted level of income he enjoyed in 1979, which was $37,838. Meanwhile, the 90th-percentile worker in this simulation holds onto (and indeed improves upon) the sharp incomegains of the past 34 years. Annual earnings at the 90th percentile climbed from $75,700 in1979 to more than $100,000 in both the actual 2013 data and the simulation with highereducation levels.

　　但是這種學(xué)歷水平的提高，不過(guò)是讓這位排名第50百分位的勞動(dòng)者，更加接近他在1979年時(shí)的通脹調(diào)整后收入水平即37,838美元而已。另一方面，模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)中排名第90百分位的勞動(dòng)者繼續(xù)擁有(實(shí)際上會(huì)有所增加)過(guò)去34年來(lái)最大幅度的收入增益。第90百分位勞動(dòng)者的2013年年收入較1979年時(shí)的75,700美元出現(xiàn)攀升，無(wú)論是實(shí)際值，還是學(xué)歷水平提高后的模擬值，均超過(guò)100,000美元。

　　Add it all up, and the Gini ratio, a frequently used measure of income inequality, woulddecrease only to 0.55 from 0.57 in this scenario of drastic educational improvement. It wouldstill be far higher than the 0.43 recorded in 1979.

　　綜合計(jì)算后，常被用于衡量收入不均程度的基尼系數(shù)，在這種學(xué)歷水平出現(xiàn)大幅提高的情境中，卻僅從0.57下降到了0.55。與1979年時(shí)的0.43相比，依然要高出許多。

　　None of this is to say that a better educational system isn’t desirable. The 9 percent incomegain for middle-income men evident in the authors’ simulation is a big deal.

　　這些結(jié)果中的任何一條，都沒有暗示大家不需要更發(fā)達(dá)的教育系統(tǒng)。在三位作者的模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)中，中等收入勞動(dòng)者明顯將會(huì)獲得的9%收入增益，擁有十分重大的意義。

　　“Increasing the educational attainment of men without a college degree will increase theiraverage earnings and their likelihood of being employed,” the authors write. And even if itdoesn’t do much to reduce overall inequality, they find it does reduce inequality within thebottom half of the income distribution, by increasing the earnings of those near the 25thpercentile of earnings (in 2013, those making $6,100 a year, compared with $8,720 in thesimulation with higher education).

　　“提高無(wú)本科學(xué)歷勞動(dòng)者的受教育程度，將會(huì)增加他們的平均收入和就業(yè)幾率，”這三位作者寫道。而即便這并未令整個(gè)社會(huì)的收入不均現(xiàn)象減輕多少，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這樣做確實(shí)能夠提高收入排名在第25百分位附近的勞動(dòng)者的收入(他們?cè)?013年的收入為一年6,100美元，學(xué)歷水平提高后的模擬值為8,720美元)，從而切實(shí)地減輕了收入分配下半層內(nèi)部的收入不均現(xiàn)象。

　　In other words, it’s worth pursuing more and better education for working-class Americans onits own terms, because it will improve their lives and economic potential. Inequality,meanwhile, is a deeper problem, and its potential solutions remain ideologically divisive.

　　換言之，對(duì)于美國(guó)的工薪階層而言，追求更高等更優(yōu)質(zhì)的學(xué)歷，本身還是值得的，因?yàn)檫@將會(huì)改善他們的生活品質(zhì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)前景。與此同時(shí)，收入不均是一個(gè)更深層次的問(wèn)題，各方的潛在對(duì)策依然存在意識(shí)形態(tài)上的分裂。

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