段落的特點

　　一般來說，段落主要由三部分組成，即主題句、擴展句和結(jié)尾句。

　　主題句是篇章的核心，它表明作者的態(tài)度、觀點、意圖等，同時反映了段落的中心思想。主題句應(yīng)具備：一是明確的觀點，二是有一定的概括性，能用其它句子來解釋、描述、分析等。擴展句主要圍繞著主題句進行敘述，說明或論述等。擴展句必須明確、具體。總結(jié)句指用一句話將某一主旨進行歸納總結(jié)或概括，有時還起承上啟下的作用?？偨Y(jié)句需要與主題呼應(yīng)，引發(fā)讀者對段落主題的進一步認識?？傊?，篇章的主題必須統(tǒng)一，內(nèi)容完整、結(jié)構(gòu)連貫，長度適度。

　　段落的發(fā)展

　　段落的擴展對構(gòu)成一篇文章，展示文章的主題，有著舉足輕重的作用。常用的方式有：

　　1．排列順序：既按照內(nèi)容的主次、時間的先后或位置的先后來進行論證，陳述或解釋。

　　常用的詞語有：first／firstly, second／secondly，furthermore，finally，above all， first and most

　　important, to begin／start with, in the second place, moreover, to conclude, next，then, afterward lastly, in the end, eventually．

　　2．比較和對比：一般來說，比較包括相同點和相異點。對比則僅指相異點。常見的詞及詞組有：in comparison(with)，likewise，similarly，in the same way，equally，but, in contrast With／to，instead，conversely，on the contrary, in／by contrast，while，Correspondingly．

　　3．因果和推理：這種段落發(fā)展方式通常用于解釋某件事發(fā)生的原因和結(jié)果。經(jīng)常用到的因果關(guān)系的動詞和動詞詞組有：cause，produce，lead to, bring about, result from, be due to，have an effect on, result in．

　　因果關(guān)系的連接詞有：due to，the fact that, for the simple reason，because (of)，so that, consequently，hence，as a result，accordingly，therefore，so long as，so，thus，owing to，now that, for／as，since．

　　4．舉例：用實例來說明作者的觀點是舉例段落的發(fā)展方式。采用舉例的方式，使文章內(nèi)容更加充實，更富有內(nèi)涵。常用于舉例的詞和詞組有：such as，for example，for instance，as an illustration，to illustrate，a case in point，as follows，just as，just as，including，like．

　　短文

　　短文的基本格式為：開始段，主體段和結(jié)論段。開始段是短文的中心，即主題。文章的開頭段必須把握兩個原則：表明文章的主題使文章的發(fā)展有所遵循；引發(fā)讀者的興趣、使他確信值得讀下去。主體段，即文章的發(fā)展，是文章的中心的發(fā)展，它以文章的開頭為線索，準(zhǔn)確，具體而充實地論證、說明或分析文章的主題。主體段須遵循1)文章的發(fā)展必須通暢、自然。2)文章的發(fā)展必須聯(lián)貫統(tǒng)一。3)文章的發(fā)展必須長短適度。結(jié)論段：同文章的開頭和發(fā)展一樣，文章的結(jié)尾也是寫作成敗的關(guān)鍵。它起著總結(jié)，概括全篇的作用，使主題更加鮮明，結(jié)構(gòu)更加完美。

　　Section I 補充主題句

　　1)__________________, generally, the standard of education is higher. This is because colleges and universities have up-to-date equipment and other resources. Also, teachers and lectures are highly-skilled professionals who are aware of all the latest developments in their fields of interest. A final point is that the overseas qualifications which a student obtains are valid usually anywhere in the world.

　　2)__________________. These include defense capabilities and social security. Private enterprise and the profit motive should not form part of these essential services. On the other hand, some services could be provided by either governments or private groups or both. Education and health care are examples of such services. A government must provide at least a basic level of education and health care so all citizens call have access to them.

　　3)__________________. Every day there are opportunities to practice listening to and speaking with Australians. Also, students can experience the culture first-hand, which is a great help when trying to understand the language. This is especially true if they choose to live with Australians, as part of a home-stay family, for example. Furthermore, if students attend a language school full-time, the teachers will be native speakers.

　　4)__________________. Jose did not complete his mathematics yesterday. He spent the first fifteen minutes of the hour working on the first of the ten examination problems. He spent other minutes doodling on his test paper.

　　5)__________________. One example is the word "graft." The verb to graft first meant merely to work. English people once used the word in such expressions as " Where are you grafting?", meaning " Where are you working?". From this perfectly respectable meaning, the word has gradually changed. Today graft refers to illegal gains won by dishonest politicians.

　　Section II 重組下面的段落

　　6. Certainly TV can be a powerful educational tool. People can learn about situations and problems far away, and begin to understand different cultures. Many informative documentaries about nature, news, and social issues are made now, and these can stimulate people to action. People in isolated areas can know for themselves what is happening in the world. This gives them the power to make their own decisions and form their own opinions.

　　7. In my opinion, television is the most important technological development. Nowadays almost everyone in the world has access to TV. Television has caused significant changes in family life and education. Some of these changes have been positive while others have been negative.

　　8. However, the changes have not all been positive. Before television was widely available, families spent more time together talking and playing games. They seemed much closer to each other than modem families.

　　9. To sum up, I feel that, overall, there are strong positive effects of TV in terms of its education role, but it has in may ways altered people and families in a negative sense.

　　10. Also, the fact is that people waste a lot of time watching poor quality programs which do not have a positive influence. People get a bad impression of the real world from such programs. Furthermore, TV is sometimes used to deliberately misinform people; for example when it is used to as a propaganda tool by governments.

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