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一、 開頭

In the argument, the …(主題對象) recommends that …(對結(jié)論做論述，基本上可以抄原文，用另外一種方式表達即可)。To support this recommendation the argument point out that …(說明文章用了什么論據(jù)去證明觀點了，同上抄襲即可) however …This argument is logically flawed in several critical respects (說明這篇文章邏輯上是有缺陷的)。

二、攻擊論據(jù)

1. 調(diào)查結(jié)果沒有證據(jù)申明

To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that… (闡述說出了一個沒有根據(jù)的申明，并說出文中的原因) —rather than for some other reasons. Yet it is entirely possible that… (說明這種猜測可能的原因) or some other factor. Without ruling out all other reasons why… (重述這個申明)…(說出反方向的結(jié)論)。

2. 提到了樣本，但是數(shù)據(jù)不具有代表性(數(shù)據(jù)不夠)

Firstly, the author provides no evidence that the survey is statistically reliable. Perhaps the survey’s sample is not sufficient in size or representative of the quality of …(說明對象的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量不夠) For that matter, this survey is not strong enough to establish causation between… (在這里列出原因和結(jié)果，做比較) However, the other reasons of the survey which (敘述其他原因下的情況)。 As a result, without the evidence that the survey is statistically reliable the author cannot justifiably draw any conclusion by relying on this survey。

3. 猜測，但是沒有證據(jù)

Thirdly, the argument assumes that… (闡述文中的猜測) However, the letter provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption. In fact, the letter suggests that this might be the case. By admitting that …， the letter implies that …說明影響他們happy的因素還有其他的方面，不光是研究中所列舉。

三、攻擊論證過程

1. 時間上的錯誤類比

To begin with…(陳述某個數(shù)據(jù)) may not a reliable date of that rate would be now(和現(xiàn)在相比較是不可信的)。 Perhaps the… (反例)， For that matter, perhaps …(說出反例的情況下會導(dǎo)致何種結(jié)果)。 In short, without ruling out other possible reasons for …(假設(shè)說出針對反例應(yīng)該怎么做)the memo’s author cannot convince me on the basis of …(說出應(yīng)該有的結(jié)論)。

2.錯誤的因果關(guān)系

3. 兩個事實錯誤的類比

Even if…(讓步，即使某個條件成立) the argument unfairly assumes that…(說明錯誤的類比的情況)。 It is entirely possible that the …(比較對象) own different situations. Perhaps …(具體說出反例) Without accounting for such differences between the two places is unreliable。

4. 錯誤的推論

Even if …(讓步，即使某個條件成立)the argument relied on the future assumption that …(說出要讓步的是事實)。 Yet the only evidence the argument offer to substantiate this assumption (說出文中的根據(jù))。 Perhaps …(說出有可能出現(xiàn)的其他情況導(dǎo)致這個事實)if so, (說出不一樣的結(jié)果，與上面事實相矛盾)。 Or…(其他的情況) In short, without more information about…(對上面的可能情況總結(jié)) were established it is impossible to assess …(回到上面的結(jié)論)

四、 結(jié)論的攻擊

說明結(jié)論不完美，可以有其他的方法

Finally, the argument fails to consider …(有更好的辦法實現(xiàn)目標(biāo))。 Perhaps by…(辦法一)， or by (辦法二)， (對目標(biāo)進行展望) In short, without weighing the suggestion against alternatives, it is unconvincing that (說明提供的方案不好)

贏利

Finally, even if the families support to build the new seafood restaurant, the restaurant would not necessarily be profitable as a result. Profitability is a function of both revenue and expense. Thus, it is quite possible that the restaurant’s costs of obtaining high-quality and healthy seafood or of new promoting restaurant might render it unprofitable despite its popularity. Without weighing revenue against expenses the argument’s conclusion is premature at best。

同時敘述兩個錯誤的論據(jù)

The memo also makes two hasty assumptions about …(說明兩個猜想相關(guān)的內(nèi)容)。 One such assumption is that …(第一個猜想的情況說明)。 It is entirely possible that …(反例)。 Another assumption is that(另外一個錯誤的猜想) Common sense informs me that (反例)

Furthermore, the difference in the two firms’ overall placement time last year does not necessarily indicate that Delany would be the better choice to serve XYZ’s laid-off employees. These employees might have particular skills or needs that are not representative of the two firm’s clients in general. Besides, one year’s placement statistics hardly sufficient to draw any firm conclusions。

五、結(jié)尾段

In sum, the argument seems logical, but is based on nothing more than pure speculation and perhaps wishful thinking, yet lack of some warranted investigation. To strength it, the author needs to evaluate all possible alternatives and provide detail and comprehensive evidence before jumping to the conclusion that …(文中的結(jié)論)。

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