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工業化之前的社會

In history, many times people found themselves changing and tinting their true goals in life to suit the natural flow taken by main stream companies. They moved out of the city and started smaller businesses. Many had small coops in the middle of the country- side because this helped them produce a product that fit more of the consumers’ needs. The products became more intimate and things such as lace, wood carvings and other intricate home furnishings. These were sold throughout the countryside and the best selling items were shipped to larger cities for assured success.

Most pre-industrial economies had standards of living not much above subsistence, meaning that the majority of the population was focused on producing their means of survival. For example, in medieval Europe, 80% of the labor force was employed in subsistence agriculture.

工業化帶來的問題

Industrialization has spawned its own health problems. Modern stressors include noise, air, water pollution, poor nutrition, dangerous machinery, impersonal work, isolation, poverty, homelessness, and substance abuse. Health problems in industrial nations are as much caused by economic, social, political, and cultural factors as by pathogens. Industrialization has become a major medical issue world-wide.

自然生存狀態與社會

Without society, we would live in a state of nature, where we each have unlimited natural freedoms. The downside of this general autonomy is that it includes the “right to all things” and thus the freedom to harm all who threaten one’s own self-preservation; there are no positive rights, only laws of nature and an endless “war of all against all”. In other words, anyone in the state of nature can do anything he likes; but this also means that everyone can do anything he likes to anyone else. To avoid this, we jointly agree to a social contract by which we each gain civil rights in return for subjecting ourselves to civil law or to political authority. In Hobbes’ formulation, the sovereign power is not a party of the contract but instead its creation; so it is not bound by it.

alternatively, some have argued that we gain civil rights in return for accepting the obligation to respect and defend the rights of others. This alternative formulation of the duty arising from the social contract is often identified with militia, or defense activity.

六大基本自由

The basic liberties include:

1. Freedom of thought;

2. Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality;

3. Political liberties (e.g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly);

4. Freedom of association;

5. Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of a person (freedom from slavery, freedom

of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose one’s occupation);

6. Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law.

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