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藝術史的概念

Art history is the academic study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contexts, i.e. genre, design, format, and look. Moreover, art history generally is the research of artists and their cultural and social contributions.

As a term, art history (also history of art) encompasses several methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to the study of works of art and architecture. The definition is, however, wide-ranging, with aspects of the discipline overlapping upon art criticism and art theory. Ernst Gombrich observed that “the field of art history is much like Caesar’s Gaul, divided in three parts inhabited by three different, though not necessarily hostile tribes: (1) the connoisseurs, (2) the critics, and (3) the academic art historians”. Works of art criticism and of art theory frequently have been the pivots upon which the understanding of art history has turned.

藝術史的發展

Art history is a relatively new academic enterprise, beginning in the nineteenth century. Whereas the analysis of historical trends in, for example, politics, literature, and the sciences, benefits from the clarity and portability of the written word, art historians rely on formal analysis, iconology, semiotics (structuralism, post-structuralism, and deconstruction), psychoanalysis and iconography, as well as primary sources and reproductions of artworks as a springboard of discussion and study. Advances in photographic reproduction and printing techniques after World War II increased the ability of reproductions of artworks accurately. Nevertheless the appreciation and study of the visual arts has been an area of research for many over the millennia. The definition of art history reflects the dichotomy within art, i.e., art as history and in anthropological context; and art as a study in forms.

藝術反映古代文明

Ancient Egyptian and Greek societies both made significant contributions to western civilization, specifically in the areas of politics and social structure. The political system of ancient Egypt was primarily based on the religion belief that the Pharaoh was a divine entity, while Greek politics were based on a democratic system that valued individuals in a unique way. The political and social advancements of both Greek and Egyptian civilizations are best reflected in the advancement of each culture’s artwork. In the early kingdom of the Egyptian civilization, the Pharaoh ruled as a God-King and dictated the religion and laws of the land. He promoted a polytheistic religion that was used to explain natural phenomena and life after death. According to this religion, all Egyptians, not only the ruling class, were offered the hope of survival in the next world, as a reward for a good life in the present world.

The idea of a good life is defined by the devotees’ accomplishments in the eyes of Osiris, the judge of the dead. Funeral services were devised to exemplify these beliefs and help to guide the spirit of the dead into the afterlife. The ridged structure of this Theocracy greatly limited individualism in all aspect of life, but most importantly art. The art of the early kingdom was predominantly based on the divinity of the Pharaoh, and his status in society.

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