寫作是一個主動思考并有序輸出的一個過程，我們最終呈現(xiàn)給考官是整篇文章邏輯框架，而非某一詞某一句。因此把握全文的邏輯框架結(jié)構(gòu)就顯得非常重要。這里展示了幾個常見的邏輯框架的錯誤，考試們可要當(dāng)心哦。

問題一：不合適的主旨句或主題句

總所周知，我提出的1+3模型是以開頭段的主旨句和中間段的主題句為基本框架的。有些同學(xué)在運(yùn)用這個模型時，對主旨句和主題句內(nèi)容的設(shè)置上出現(xiàn)偏差。這種偏差的出現(xiàn)就意味著整篇文章基本上廢掉了。因此，強(qiáng)烈建議初學(xué)者不要急于寫全文，而應(yīng)該先寫提綱，找版友對提綱提意見結(jié)合我的范文思路修改提綱后再寫全文。比如某同學(xué)寫的issue 34 (In any situation, progressrequires discussion among people who have contrasting points of view)的主旨句是這樣的：

Whether the statement holds true depends onwhich area we are discussing here. In scientific research, it is absolutelytrue that progress often times requires discussion among people who havecontrasting points of view. similarly, in politics, the eclectic solutionsbetween two parties holding contrasting views are often better than the eitherof the two extreme ones. However, in the business world, contrasting points ofviews would often times do more harm than good.

很明顯這位同學(xué)在用1+3模型，這是值得肯定的。但是，接下來的中間段主題句是這樣的：

To begin with, scientificresearch showed that taking in the contributions of two contrasting points ofviews often gives rise to a new and more accurate description of the fact.

這里的主題句是在回應(yīng)主旨句中的第一個要點(diǎn)(已涂黑)。然而仔細(xì)看看我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)，兩者之間并沒有很好地呼應(yīng)。主旨句講的是在科研這個語境中這個命題是成立的，而主題句中卻在討論某個科研結(jié)果顯示這個命題是成立的，而這個科研所研究的討論是在何種語境下發(fā)生卻未具體指明。這里附上我在博士論文中的一段討論或許更清晰一些

In the thesis statement, the student writerclaims that the issue statement holds true in the context of scientificresearch. Yet, in the topic sentence, she suggests that the statement holdstrue according to some scientific research. These are two different claims as the one in the thesis statement is aboutscientific research whereas the one in the topic sentence is about some unknowntopics the discussion of which has been studied scientifically. Therefore, there is a mismatch between thethesis statement and the topic sentence despite their seemingly similarcontents.

問題二：不合適或不相干的例證

找到合適的例證論述和支撐自己的觀點(diǎn)是GRE寫作(尤其是issue)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。坊間有些參考書脫離真題的具體問題而羅列出一些所謂的干貨，看起來內(nèi)容很豐富，但對于實(shí)際的寫作沒有太大的幫助。要想寫出好的文章，首先要在開始寫作前就想好合適的例證支撐觀點(diǎn)，而不是一邊想一邊想。

這里是某同學(xué)寫的 issue 65(Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and todisobey and resist unjust laws)的其中一段的節(jié)選：

Other than just laws, one should alsocomply with unjust laws established in the society.… For instance, still on thefree way, a person exceeds the speed limit and is caught by a police needs topay a fine according to the law. In this case, the person might think the lawis unjust, as this person does not hurt anyone, but need to be punished.However, if everyone over-speed on the free way and not taking responsibilityfor the mistake, the road will become a mess.

這里作者討論的是高速公路上超速罰款的法規(guī)，作為不正義的法律的例子。作者認(rèn)為只要司機(jī)沒有傷害到別人就不應(yīng)該因為超速而受罰。所以把這條規(guī)則視作不正義。但是，我們要認(rèn)識到超速受到懲罰不是因為超速一定會造成意外，而是這種行為增加了意外的風(fēng)險，因此出于安全考慮需要懲罰這種行為。因此這里將超速的相關(guān)規(guī)則當(dāng)做不正義的是很難成立的。所以這個例證在這里并不合適。

還有一位同學(xué)再寫issue 33的時候提到一個很偏門的例子：Today,as people know more knowledge about sleep, they understand that sleep paralysisis a common disease caused by stress and can manage to recover. 這里sleep paralysis 也許是相關(guān)的例子但是由于讀者可能沒聽說過，所以也不宜在考場上使用。

問題三：缺乏支撐的細(xì)節(jié)

僅僅有合適的例證是不夠的，我們還需要在文章中提供足夠的細(xì)節(jié)來解釋例子如何支持觀點(diǎn)。比如某同學(xué)寫的issue 65 (Every individual in a society has aresponsibility to obey just laws and to disobey and resist unjust laws)的其中一個中間段：

There will surely be concerns about the consequences of implementingunjust laws and forcing people to obey them. To address such concerns, thereshould be ways through which people can express their disagreement within thelegal framework. For example, laws once gave people different rights based ontheir race or gender, which was totally unjust. Martin Luther King Jr. and hisfollowers chose to express their disagreement in a peaceful way, to call forattention on the inequity and urge the improvements of laws. Similarly, withlegal pretests feminists expressed their requirements on equal pay, equalrights of vote and other social rights. In such ways, unjust laws would beabolished and replaced by just laws, without driving the whole society intochaos.

這里主題句里提到了consequences，但是后面的討論中并沒有具體指出是什么后果。例子中提到的laws once gave people different rights based on their race or gender, which was totally unjust這句話顯得比較籠統(tǒng)，可能加上 in the US這個限定詞會更好一些。總的來說這段寫的不算太差，相信還有很多同學(xué)在寫中間段的時候都面臨沒有很好地解釋例證的問題。

再比如說某同學(xué)寫的issue 78 (People'sattitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings thanby society as a whole)

As children begin to study in schools, they have more opportunities tointeract with the society but are still limited by their families, resulting inthe society and their immediate surroundings to equally impact their attitudes.On the one hand, as students, children can meet plenty of schoolmates and canuse the Internet to get more information from the society. For instance, theymay start to watch TV episodes and discuss with their peers. In this case, theywill form their own attitude towards fashion. On the other hand, they are stillconstraint by their families as long as they live with their family members. Aserious parent may not allow their kids to use drugs, or they may even taketheir kids to a higher-quality institute simply to avoid their kids to contactwith any drug.

注意這句話講的是電視劇影響了孩子們對時尚的態(tài)度。這本來是個很好的point，如果能接著寫一些更具體的解釋就更好了。可惜作者接下來就講另一個point了。

把握全文的邏輯框架是每一位面臨GRE考試的考生都必須具備的能力。這種能力需要在平時的訓(xùn)練中有目的性的培養(yǎng)，在寫作中認(rèn)識到這些錯誤的存在，并有意識的去避開它們，長久堅持，你的邏輯行文能力就能大上一個臺階啦。

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