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馬斯洛觀點： 需求層次金字塔

This diagram shows Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more primitive needs at the bottom. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid

consisting of five levels: the four lower levels are grouped together as being associated with physiological needs, while the top level is termed growth needs associated with psychological needs. Deficiency needs must be met first. Once these are met, seeking to satisfy growth needs drives personal growth.

The higher needs in this hierarchy only come into focus when the lower needs in the pyramid are satisfied. Once an individual has moved upwards to the next level, needs in the lower level will no longer be prioritized. If a lower set of needs is no longer being met, the individual will temporarily reprioritize those needs by focusing attention on the unfulfilled needs, but will not permanently regress to the lower level. For instance, a businessman (at the esteem level) who is diagnosed with cancer will spend a great deal of time concentrating on his health (physiological needs), but will continue to value his work performance (esteem needs) and will likely return to work during periods of remission.

馬斯洛觀點： 自我實現的人及其七大特征

Maslow writes the following of self-actualizing people:

1. They embrace the facts and realities of the world (including themselves) rather than denying or avoiding them.

2. They are spontaneous in their ideas and actions.

3. They are creative.

4. They are interested in solving problems; this often includes the problems of others. Solving these problems is often a key focus in their lives.

5. They feel a closeness to other people, and generally appreciate life.

6. They have a system of morality that is fully internalized and independent of external authority.

7. They have discernment and are able to view all things in an objective manner.

In short, self-actualization is reaching one’s fullest potential.

馬斯洛觀點： 自我實現之人的四大特征

According to Maslow, the tendencies of self-actualizing people are as follows:

1. Awareness

efficient perception of reality

freshness of appreciation

peak experiences

ethical awareness

2. Honesty

philosophical sense of humor

social interest

deep interpersonal relationships

democratic character structure

3. Freedom

need for solitude

autonomous, independent

creativity, originality

spontaneous

4. Trust

problem centered

acceptance of self, others, nature

resistance to enculturation—identity with humanity

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