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媒體： 政治第四不動產

The term Fourth Estate refers to the press, both in its explicit capacity of advocacy and in its implicit ability to frame political issues. The term goes back at least to Thomas Carlyle in the first half of the 19th century.

Novelist Jeffrey Archer in his work The Fourth Estate made this observation: “In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the ?Estate General?. The First Estate consisted of three hundred clergy. The Second Estate, three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, six hundred commoners. Some years later, after the French Revolution, Edmund Burke, looking up at the Press Gallery of the House of Commons, said, ?Yonder sits the Fourth Estate, and they are more important than them all.?”

媒體五大類型及其倫理

Advocacy journalists—a term of some debate even within the field of journalism—by definition tend to reject “objectivity”, while at the same time maintaining many other common standards and ethics.

Creative nonfiction and literary journalism use the power of language and literary devices more akin to fiction to bring insight and depth into often book-length treatment of the subjects about

which they write. Such devices as dialogue, metaphor, digression and other such techniques offer the reader insights not usually found in standard news reportage. However, authors in this branch of journalism still maintain ethical criteria such as factual and historical accuracy as found in standard news reporting. Yet, with brilliant prose, they venture outside the boundaries of standard news reporting in offering richly detailed accounts.

New journalism and Gonzo journalism also reject some of the fundamental ethical traditions and will set aside the technical standards of journalistic prose in order to express themselves and reach a particular audience or market segment.

Tabloid journalists are often accused of sacrificing accuracy and the personal privacy of their subjects in order to boost sales. Supermarket tabloids are often focused on entertainment rather than news. A few have “news” stories that are so outrageous that they are widely read for entertainment purposes, not for information. Some tabloids do purport to maintain common journalistic standards, but may fall far short in practice. Others make no such claims.

Some publications deliberately engage in satire, but give the publication the design elements of a newspaper, for example, The Onion, and it is not unheard of for other publications to offer the occasional, humorous articles appearing on April Fool?s Day.

權力機構對媒體的四大間接影響

The powerful can also work on the media indirectly by:

1. Complaints delivered en masse to their own constituencies (e.g., stockholders, employees) about media bias.

2. Generation of mass advertising that does the same.

3. Funding watchdog groups or think tanks engineered to expose and attack deviations in media coverage that endanger vital elite interests.

4. Funding political campaigns that elect politicians who will be more willing to curb any such media deviations.

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