Some people argue that countries should have a moral obligation to help each other; on the other hand, some people argue that a large amount of aid money does not reach the poor of the world. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

有人認為國家之間應該有相互幫助的道義責任。另一方面，有人認為大量的援助款沒有到達世界上窮人的手中。討論這兩種說法并給出自己的觀點。

aid的定義：

In international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another.

Aid may serve one or more functions: it may be given as a signal of diplomatic approval, or to strengthen a military ally, to reward a government for behaviour desired by the donor, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to provide infrastructure needed by the donor for resource extraction from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of commercial access. Humanitarian and altruistic purposes are at least partly responsible for the giving of aid.

Aid may be given by individuals, private organizations, or governments. Standards delimiting exactly the types of transfers considered "aid" vary from country to country.

aid的種類：

cash aid/financial aid 資金援助

in-kind aid(aid in kind)實物援助

technical assistance: Aid involving highly educated or trained personnel, such as doctors, who are moved into a developing country to assist with a program of development.

globalization and interdependence:全球一體化與相互依存性

Earth has entered the Anthropocene — the age of humans. Our impact has now pushed the planet beyond its usual operating state that has provided a remarkable climatic stability for 11,700 years. Increasingly, shocks reverberate globally thanks to interconnectivity from communications, trade, financial systems and politics — the global financial crisis is a prominent example. The people hit hardest, ironically, are those who have done the least to cause them — the poorest.

The 21st century will be defined by three drivers: increasing complexity where societies and ecosystems become even more intertwined; global interconnectivity, from local to global scales; and, surprise.

腐敗對國際援助的影響：

In many countries poverty is widespread, and so is also corruption. Foreign aid is given to countries in need to combat poverty, but unfortunately corruption has a restraining effect on the effectiveness of aid. One method that is well-founded is to withdraw all financial aid to countries with widespread corruption, and only focus on non-financial aid to decrease money flows and to build functioning public institutions. When corruption is eliminated, financial aid will be more effective and private investors will be attracted, and thus poverty reduction will increase.

Corruption not only reduces the net income of the poor but also distorts programmes aimed at meeting their basic needs — from water and sanitation to education and healthcare. Corruption results in the misallocation of resources to the detriment of poverty reduction programmes. In both donor and recipient countries there is an increasing awareness that aid is in danger of not fully reaching the poor unless corruption is countered.

對國際援助的冷思考：

A very wide range of interpretations are in play ranging from the argument that foreign aid has been a primary driver of development, to a complete waste of money. A middle of the road viewpoint is that aid has shown modest favorable impacts in some areas especially regarding health indicators, agriculture, disaster relief, and post-conflict reconstruction.[36] Statistical studies have produced widely differing assessments of the correlation between aid and economic growth, and no firm consensus has emerged to suggest that foreign aid generally does boost growth. Some studies find a positive correlation,[37] while others find either no correlation or a negative correlation.[38] In the case of Africa, Asante (1985) gives the following assessment:

Summing up the experience of African countries both at the national and at the regional levels it is no exaggeration to suggest that, on balance, foreign assistance, especially foreign capitalism, has been somewhat deleterious to African development. It must be admitted, however, that the pattern of development is complex and the effect upon it of foreign assistance is still not clearly determined. But the limited evidence available suggests that the forms in which foreign resources have been extended to Africa over the past twenty-five years, insofar as they are concerned with economic development, are, to a great extent, counterproductive.

綜合觀點：不管是天災(地震，海嘯，疫情)，還是人禍(戰爭，沖突，環境破壞)，國家之間是該相互幫助的，這基本是定論。因為全球化是大勢所趨，國與國之間越來越相互依存，誰也沒辦法獨善，像環境問題，經濟問題，恐怖主義問題，都是世界性的。而人道主義援助確實有各種障礙，比如腐敗，比如壞政策，低能的管理。其中腐敗是最為可怕。腐敗的結果就是最窮的，最需要救助的人往往得不到救助。但這些并不構成我們放棄人道主義援助的理由，如何在克服腐敗的干擾的同時，采用更科學完善救助體制，更好地實行援助才是我們應該去思考和努力的。

幾個有關的詞mismanagement embezzlement misappropriation corruption

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