英語專業四級作文寫作思路及范文：城市化

　　新東方在線為專四考生們整理了英語專業四級作文寫作思路及范文，希望考生們在拿到英語專業四級作文題目時不急于動筆寫，最好先列出提綱有整體的思路，框架條麗清晰才是得高分的秘技。

　　Some findings have revealed that cities around the world are growing large. Could you outline the possible causes and predict consequences?

　　概述：城市化是一個越來越受關注的社會問題。城市化(urbanization or urban sprawl)是指農村地區建立城鎮，或者是城市不斷地向農村擴展(expansive growth of a metropolitan area)。

　　城市化產生的原因：

　　經濟：工業的發展使得工廠和商業(包括超級市場)不斷在鄉村地區建立;

　　社會：人口快速增長，大量農民來到城市以求獲得工作機會;

　　技術：交通工具的發達使人們可以更容易到較遠的地方，因而有更多人遷居郊區;

　　個人：人們希望獲得更大的生活空間(expand living space)，更好的生活環境(attractive living conditions)，從而選擇在郊區居住。

　　城市化產生的負面影響：

　　經濟：人口增加導致基礎設施的費用增加(increased infrastructure costs);

　　社會：大量的流動人口(high mobility of populations)會導致犯罪率上升，影響社會穩定;

　　環境：影響空氣質量(impair air quality)，導致污染，影響人們的身體健康。

　　解決城市化負面影響的措施：

　　保護和提升自然和文化資源(preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources);保持當地的城市風貌和文化(protect the local landscape and culture);確保新的建筑項目不會破壞鄉村的風景和生態系統(prevent any damage to rustic scenery and ecosystems);

　　發展甚礎設施的建設(upgrade infrastructures)，使人們具有更強的環保意識(make people environmentally conscious)，譬如說，城巿新發展的地區可以鼓勵人們步行或便用自行車(make areas of urban sprawl walkable or bicycle-friendly)。

　　另外，城鄉差距(widening gap between urban and rural areas)也是一個常考的問題

　　城鄉差距主要體現在：

　　收入差距(the income gap/disparity between urban residents and rural residents)，財富分配的不平均;

　　鄉村缺乏獲得教育的途徑(lower access to education)，文盲率較高(higher illiteracy);

　　醫療資源主要集中在城市(medical resources concentrated in cities);疾病的爆發導致生產力的損失(national productivity suffers);

　　資源投人的不平衡——鄉村缺乏各種基本設施和服務，比如電力、能源供應(electricity and fuel supply)、公路、電話和網絡(access to telephones and the Internet)等;

　　城市人口密度更大(population density);就業機會更多(more job opportunities)。

　　解決城鄉差距的方法：

　　制定優惠政策促進郊區發展(make preferential policies to boost rural development);

　　增加基礎設施的投入，改善郊區的交通、道路、電子通訊(roads, streets, rapid transit system, telecommunications)等;

　　全面提高農民的科學文化素質，提高其生產力(productivity);鼓勵郊區居民積極主動創業，創造更多就業機會(more job opportunities)，提高收人(raise income)，從根本上改變貧窮落后的狀況。

　　題目解析：

　　城市化的原因：

　　人口增加和移民(an unprecedented population growth and migration)造成基礎設備不足(devoid of basic amenities)，導致原有的基礎經費不足，城市條件惡化(urban decay)，于是城市居民開始遷居城外，導致城市的擴展;

　　隨著經濟的發展和家庭收人的提高(strong economy and increasing household incomes)，人們開始喜歡低密度的住宅區(strong preference for lower-density housing);同時，由于人們可以支付得起汽車等交通的費用(able to afford the automobile)，這也使得人們更易遷居城外;

　　城市規劃不當(bad city planning)導致道路的建設和基礎設施的擴建(construction of roads and the provision of infrastructure)與地區統籌發展不協調(unplanned development)，最終使得城市居民遷居城外。

　　城市化所造成的影響：

　　環境影響(environmental impact)：郊區的景觀千篇一律(monotonous suburban landscapes);空氣污染，有害健康(ill-health due to air pollution generated by traffic);

　　社會影響(social impact)：城市人口流動增大(high mobility)會導致犯罪率的上升(a surge in the crime rate)，人們不會有社區的感覺(sense of community)，人與人之間的關系比較短暫(abbreviated)，社區的團結和價值不復存在(loss of community spirit and values);

　　經濟影響(economic impact)：在郊區建設基礎設施導致政府財政壓力(adverse fiscal impacts)，對基礎設施的要求不能夠被滿足(unmet demand on infrastructure);交通堵塞(traffic congestion )影響工作效率，延誤商品和服務的輸送(delay the delivery of goods and services)。

　　范文

　　Of those issues that have concerned the government, academics and the public throughout the world, urban sprawl is one of the most prominent. There are conflicting views toward this growing trend. While it has been taken as a positive development in many newly emerging cities, it is increasingly perceived as a threat to rural environment and considered as a trigger for numerous urban problems. The objective of this essay is to evaluate the forces behind this trend and its consequences.

　　Population growth is widely recognized as the primary reason. The room in the city centre is so limited that it fails to provide enough housing to accommodate an ever-growing population. Another problem that has intensified in the inner city is infrastructure shortage and poor conditions of buildings. Lack amenities, such as water and electricity supply, waste disposal, swage treatment, to name but a few, has left no choice to urban dwellers but to resettle in the suburbs, where they have easier access to new facilities.

　　City dwellers are not always moving outward unwillingly. The continued increase in household incomes gives renewed impetus to urban development. People nowadays have higher expectations for quality of life and a growing appetite for lower-density housing with a larger open space. It is possibly the main reason why the real estate market has its focus now on the outskirts of the city, but not on the centre. In the meantime, the affordability and ubiquity of car ownership has made transport a less serious concern for those living in suburbs. They can commute daily between the place of work and the place of residence with ease.

　　The sustained expansion of cities will make a marked impact on the society in several dimensions. The high traffic volume between suburbs and urban areas would cause severe air pollution and reduce the lands suitable for farming. Urban sprawl requires large developments, causing areas to lose some of their unique qualities and characteristics. From the economic perspective, the relocation of a high population in suburbs will pose adverse fiscal impacts on the local government in infrastructure construction. To those who used to live in suburbs, the inflow of new inhabitants would damage the community spirit and make relations between neighbours fragile.

　　Urban sprawl is, therefore, a trend which has a strong effect on the environment, communities and government budgeting. When urban decay and citizens' desire for higher standard of living make this trend irreversible, the emphasis should be placed on planned and sustainable development.

　　近義詞表

　　1. amenity=facility=service ：設施，設備，服務

　　2. disposal=clearance:處理

　　3. treatment=handling=dealing:處理

　　4. to name but a few=to mention but a few=and so on=and so forth:諸如此類

　　5. renewed=new:新的

　　6. impetus=momentum=thrust=drive=force ：推動力

　　7. quality of life =living standard=the level of comfort and wealth:生活標準，生活質量

　　8. real estate=property=housing:房地產

　　9. outskirt=suburb=the periphery of a city ：郊區

　　10. in the meantime=meanwhile：同時，與此同時

　　11. ubiquity=prevalence=popularity:普遍

　　12. commute=go back and forth:通勤，在兩個地方之間來去(常用于上下班)

　　13. with ease=easily=effortlessly=without much effort=without difficulty: 輕松地

　　14. marked=noticeable=distinct=manifest: 顯著的

　　15. inflow=influx=arrival:流入，到來

　　16. inhabitant=dweller=citizen=resident: 居住者

　　17. damage=injure: 破壞

　　18. irreversible=unalterable:不可扭轉的，不可逆轉的

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