吸煙有害健康（三）
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Smoking also has been linked time and again to cardiovascular diseases. Among these, the biggest killer is heart disease: according to the CDC, smoking triples the risk of dying from heart disease among middle-aged men and women.
Studies also show an increased risk of death from stroke, aneurysms, high blood pressure, and other cardiovascular illnesses.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Smoking is cited as a risk for dying of pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or emphysema. The CDC says people who smoke increase their risk of death from bronchitis and emphysema by nearly 10 times.
OTHER ILLNESSES
A report recently published in the American Journal of Epidemiology suggested that smoking increased the risk of developing non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by more than three times.
Studies have pointed to smoking as a risk in vision loss among older people, mental impairment later in life, Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
EFFECT ON PREGNANCY
Pregnant women who smoke can pass nicotine and carbon monoxide to their baby through the placenta. Research indicates this can prevent the baby from getting the oxygen and nutrients it needs to grow――potentially leading to fetal injury, premature birth, or low birth weight. According to the American Lung Association, smoking during pregnancy accounts for an estimated 20 to 30 percent of low birthweight babies, up to 14 percent of premature deliveries, and about 10 percent of all infant deaths.
心血管疾病
吸煙還被一再地和心血管疾病聯(lián)系在一起，其中最大的殺手是心臟病。根據(jù)疾病防治中心的說法，吸煙使中年男女煙民死于心臟病的危險增至3倍。
研究還表明，死于中風、動脈瘤、高血壓和其他心血管疾病的危險也有所增加。
呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病
吸煙被引證為導(dǎo)致死于肺炎、慢性氣管炎或肺氣腫的一種隱患。疾病防治中心說，吸煙的人死于支氣管炎和肺氣腫的危險比不吸煙的人高出將近 10倍。
其他疾病
美國《流行病學(xué)雜志》最近發(fā)表的一份報告表明，吸煙使人們患非胰島素依賴型糖尿病的危險增加了3倍多。
研究指出，吸煙有導(dǎo)致老年人中的失明、晚年大腦損傷、早老性癡呆病和其他類型的癡呆病的危險。 吸煙對妊娠的影響
抽煙的懷孕女性會通過胎盤把尼古丁和一氧化碳傳給胎兒。研究表明，這會妨礙胎兒獲得發(fā)育所需要的氧氣和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)，這可能對胎兒造成傷害，引起早產(chǎn)或胎兒體重不足。根據(jù)美國肺器官協(xié)會的說法，估計有20％至30％的體重不足的嬰兒，多達14％的早產(chǎn)以及約 10％的嬰兒死亡都是由于女性在孕期吸煙引起的。吸煙的母親還有可能通過喂母乳把尼古丁傳給嬰兒。
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