馬克·吐溫（Mark Twain，1835一1910)，原名塞繆爾·朗荷恩·克列門斯，生于密蘇里州一地方法官家庭，收入微薄，生活困苦。上學(xué)時就干各種雜活，十二歲時父親去世，開始了獨立的勞動生活，先后當(dāng)過印刷所學(xué)徒、送報人、排字工人、水手、舵手和記者等。成為職業(yè)作家后，積極參加社會活動，尤其是反帝斗爭。 　　他是美國批判現(xiàn)實主義文學(xué)的奠基人，世界著名的短篇小說大師。他經(jīng)歷了美國從“自由”資本主義到帝國主義的發(fā)展過程，其思想和創(chuàng)作也表現(xiàn)為從輕快調(diào)笑到辛辣諷刺再到悲觀厭世的發(fā)展階段。他的早期創(chuàng)作，如短篇小說《競選州長》（1870）、《哥爾斯密的朋友再度出洋》（1870）等，以幽默、嘲諷的筆法嘲笑美國“民主選舉”的荒謬和“民主天堂”的本質(zhì)。中期作品，如長篇小說《鍍金時代》（1874，與華納合寫）、代表作長篇小說《哈克貝里·費恩歷險記》（1886）及《傻瓜威爾遜》（1893）等，則以深沉、辛辣的筆調(diào)諷刺和揭露像瘟疫般盛行于美國的投機、拜金狂熱，及暗無天日的社會現(xiàn)實與慘無人道的種族歧視。《哈克貝里·費恩歷險記》通過白人小孩哈克跟逃亡黑奴吉姆結(jié)伴在密西西比河流浪的故事，不僅批判封建家庭結(jié)仇械斗的野蠻，揭露私刑的毫無理性，而且諷刺宗教的虛偽愚昧，譴責(zé)蓄奴制的罪惡，并歌頌黑奴的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)，宣傳不分種族地位人人都享有自由權(quán)利。

《競選州長》是馬克 吐溫早期作品中觸及到資本主義社會本質(zhì)的佳作。該篇小說發(fā)表于美國南北戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后五年。1865年，戰(zhàn)爭剛一結(jié)束，接替被刺身死的林肯任總統(tǒng)的約翰遜就赦免了一部分叛亂的奴隸主。并荒唐地提出以"平等的原則"接受南方叛亂各州重新加入聯(lián)邦。與此同時，北方的投機商、南方的奴隸主、臭名昭著的三K黨肆虐橫行。在美國人民的斗爭的壓力下，美國國會通過"重建南部"的法令，并先后公布了黑人公民權(quán)法案；頒布了憲法修正案。但是，寫在紙上的是一回事，實際行的又是一回事。本書就是這樣的背景下產(chǎn)生的。

1861年，美國爆發(fā)南北戰(zhàn)爭至1865年結(jié)束，以北部的勝利恢復(fù)了國家的統(tǒng)一。此時，美國資本主義經(jīng)濟得到迅速發(fā)展，形成壟斷資本，控制國家政權(quán)，對內(nèi)實行兩黨制，以民主自由為幌子，實行殘酷的階級壓迫和剝削，對外資本輸出，進行掠奪和擴張。當(dāng)時美國總統(tǒng)選舉，各州州長也是由兩黨競選而產(chǎn)生，民主黨與共和黨各自拉攏選票，不惜重金收買想在競選中獲勝，兩黨互相攻擊，不惜造謠中傷。

《競選州長》反映了這一黑暗的社會現(xiàn)實，為美國的“民主”描繪了一幅絕妙的諷刺畫。

RUNNING FOR GOVERNOR 
               ——By Mark Twain

A few months ago I was nominated for Governor of the great State of New York, to run against Stewart L. Woodford and John T. Hoffman, on an independent ticket. I somehow felt that I had one prominent advantage over these gentlemen, and that was, good character. It was easy to see by the newspapers, that if ever they had known what it was to bear a good name, that time had gone by. It was plain that in these latter years they had become familiar with all manner of shameful crimes. But at the very moment that I was exalting my advantage and joying in it in secret, there was a muddy undercurrent of discomfort "riling" the deeps of my happiness -- and that was, the having to hear my name bandied about in familiar connection with those of such people. I grew more and more disturbed. Finally I wrote my grandmother about it. Her answer came quick and sharp. She said:

You have never done one single thing in all your life to be ashamed of -- not one. Look at the newspapers -- look at them and comprehend what sort of characters Woodford and Hoffman are, and then see if you are willing to lower yourself to their level and enter a public canvass with them.

It was my very thought! I did not sleep a single moment that night. But after all, I could not recede. I was fully committed and must go on with the fight. As I was looking listlessly over the papers at breakfast, I came across this paragraph, and I may truly say I never was so confounded before:

PERJURY. -- Perhaps, now that Mr. Mark Twain is before the people as a candidate for Governor, he will condescend to explain how he came to be convicted of perjury by thirty-four witnesses, in Wakawak, Cochin China, in 1863, the intent of which perjury was to rob a poor native widow and her helpless family of a meagre plantain patch, their only stay and support in their bereavement and their desolation. Mr. Twain owes it to himself, as well as to the great people whose suffrages he asks, to clear this matter up. Will he do it?

I thought I should burst with amazement! Such a cruel, heartless charge -- I never had seen Cochin China! I never had beard of Wakawak! I didn't know a plantain patch from a kangaroo! I did not know what to do. I was crazed and helpless. I let the day slip away without doing anything at all. The next morning the same paper had this -- nothing more:

SIGNIFICANT. -- Mr. Twain, it will be observed, is suggestively silent about the Cochin China perjury.

[Mem. -- During the rest of the campaign this paper never referred to me in any other way than as "the infamous perjurer Twain."]

Next came the "Gazette," with this:

WANTED TO KNOW. -- Will the new candidate for Governor deign to explain to certain of his fellow-citizens (who are suffering to vote for him!) the little circumstance of his cabin-mates in Montana losing small valuables from time to time, until at last, these things having been invariably found on Mr. Twain's person or in his "trunk" (newspaper he rolled his traps in), they felt compelled to give him a friendly admonition for his own good, and so tarred and feathered him and rode him on a rail, and then advised him to leave a permanent vacuum in the place he usually occupied in the camp. Will he do this?

Could anything be more deliberately malicious than that? For I never was in Montana in my life.

[After this, this journal customarily spoke of me as "Twain, the Montana Thief."]

I got to pick up papers apprehensively -- much as one would lift a desired blanket which he had some idea might have a rattlesnake under it. One day this met my eye:

THE LIE NAILED! -- By the sworn affidavits of Michael O'Flanagan, Esq., of the Five Points, and Mr. Kit Burns and Mr. John Allen, of Water street, it is established that Mr. Mark Twain's vile statement that the lamented grandfather of our noble standard-bearer, John T. Hoffman, was hanged for highway robbery, is a brutal and gratuitous LIE, without a single shadow of foundation in fact. It is disheartening to virtuous men to see such shameful means resorted to achieve political success as the attacking of the dead in their graves and defiling their honored names with slander. When we think of the anguish this miserable falsehood must cause the innocent relatives and friends of the deceased, we are almost driven to incite an outraged and insulted public to summary and unlawful vengeance upon the traducer. But no -- let us leave him to the agony of a lacerating conscience -- (though if passion should get the better of the public and in its blind fury they should do the traducer bodily injury, it is but too obvious that no jury could convict and no court punish the perpetrators of the deed).

The ingenious closing sentence had the effect of moving me out of bed with despatch that night, and out at the back door, also, while the "outraged and insulted public" surged in the front way, breaking furniture and windows in their righteous indignation as they came, and taking off such property as they could carry when they went. And yet I can lay my hand upon the Book and say that I never slandered Governor Hoffman's grandfather. More -- I had never even heard of him or mentioned him, up to that day and date.

[I will state, in passing, that the journal above quoted from always referred to me afterward as "Twain, the Body-Snatcher."]

The next newspaper article that attracted my attention was the following:

A SWEET CANDIDATE. -- Mark Twain, who was to make such a blighting speech at the mass meeting of the Independents last night, didn't come to time! A telegram from his physician stated that he had been knocked down by a runaway team and his leg broken in two places -- sufferer lying in great agony, and so forth, and so forth, and a lot more bosh of the same sort. And the Independents tried hard to swallow the wretched subterfuge and pretend that they did not know what was the real reason of the absence of the abandoned creature whom they denominate their standard-bearer. A certain man was seen to reel into Mr. Twain's hotel last night in state of beastly intoxication. It is the imperative duty of the Independents to prove that this besotted brute was not Mark Twain himself: We have them at last! This is a case that admits of no shirking. The voice of the people demands in thunder-tones: "WHO WAS THAT MAN?

It was incredible, absolutely incredible, for a moment, that it was really my name that was coupled with this disgraceful suspicion. Three long years had passed over my head since I had tasted ale, beer, wine, or liquor of any kind.

[It shows what effect the times were having on me when I say that I saw myself confidently dubbed "Mr. Delirium Tremens Twain" in the next issue of that journal without a pang -- notwithstanding I knew that with monotonous fidelity the paper would go on calling me so to the very end.]

By this time anonymous letters were getting to be an important part of my mail matter. This form was common:

How about that old woman you kicked of...

POL PRY.

And this:

There is things which you have done which is unbeknown to anybody but me. You better trot out a few dollars to yours truly or you'll hear thro' the papers from…

HANDY ANDY.

That is about the idea. I could continue them till the reader was surfeited, if desirable.

Shortly the principal Republican journal "convicted" me of wholesale bribery, and the leading Democratic paper "nailed" an aggravated case of blackmailing to me.

[In this way I acquired two additional names: "Twain, the Filthy Corruptionist," and "Twain, the Loathsome Embracer."]

By this time there had grown to be such a clamor for an "answer" to all the dreadful charges that were laid to me, that the editors and leaders of my party said it would be political ruin for me to remain silent any longer. As if to make their appeal the more imperative, the following appeared in one of the papers the very next day:

BEHOLD THE MAN! -- The Independent candidate still maintains Silence. Because he dare not speak. Every accusation against him has been amply proved, and they have been endorsed and re-endorsed by his own eloquent silence till at this day he stands forever convicted. Look upon your candidate, Independents! Look upon the Infamous Perjurer! The Montana Thief! The Body-Snatcher! Contemplate your incarnate Delirium Tremens! Your Filthy Corruptionist! Your Loath some Embracer! Gaze upon him -- ponder him well -- and then say if you can give your honest votes to a creature who has earned this dismal array of titles by his hideous crimes, and dares not open his mouth in denial of any one of them!

There was no possible way of getting out of it, and so, in deep humiliation, I set about preparing to "answer" a mass of baseless charges and mean and wicked falsehoods. But I never finished the task, for the very next morning a paper came out with a new horror, a fresh malignity, and seriously charged me with burning a lunatic asylum with all its inmates because it obstructed the view from my house. This threw me into a sort of panic. Then came the charge of poisoning my uncle to get his property, with an imperative demand that the grave should be opened. This drove me to the verge of distraction. On top of this I was accused of employing toothless and incompetent old relatives to prepare the food for the foundling hospital when I was warden. I was wavering -- wavering. And at last, as a due and fitting climax to the shameless persecution that party rancor had inflicted upon me, nine little toddling children of all shades of color and degrees of raggedness were taught to rush on to the platform at a public meeting and clasp me around the legs and call me PA!

I gave up. I hauled down my colors and surrendered. I was not equal to the requirements of a Gubernatorial campaign in the State of New York, and so I sent in my withdrawal from the candidacy, and in bitterness of spirit signed it,

"Truly yours,

"Once a decent man, but now MARK TWAIN, I. P., M. T., B. S., D. T., F. C., and L. E."

幾個月之前，我被提名為紐約州州長候選人，代表獨立黨與斯坦華脫·勒·伍福特先生和約翰·特·霍夫曼先生競選。我總覺得自己有超過這兩位先生的顯著的優(yōu)點，那就是我的名聲好。從報上容易看出：如果說這兩位先生也曾知道愛護名聲的好處，那是以往的事。近幾年來，他們顯然已將各種無恥罪行視為家常便飯。當(dāng)時，我雖然對自己的長處暗自慶幸，但是一想到我自己的名字得和這些人的名字混在一起到處傳播，總有一股不安的混濁潛流在我愉快心情的深處“翻攪”。我心里越來越不安，最后我給祖母寫了封信，把這件事告訴她。她很快給我回了信，而且信寫得很嚴(yán)峻，她說：“你生平?jīng)]有做過一件對不起人的事——一件也沒有做過。你看看報紙吧——一看就會明白伍福特和霍夫曼先生是一種什么樣子的人，然后再看你愿不愿意把自己降低到他們那樣的水平，跟他們一起競選。”
這也正是我的想法！那晚我一夜沒合眼。但我畢竟不能打退堂鼓。我已經(jīng)完全卷進去了，只好戰(zhàn)斗下去。
當(dāng)我一邊吃早飯，一邊無精打采地翻閱報紙時，看到這樣一段消息，說實在話，我以前還從來沒有這樣驚慌失措過：
“偽證罪——那就是１８６３年，在交趾支那的瓦卡瓦克，有３４名證人證明馬克·吐溫先生犯有偽證罪，企圖侵占一小塊香蕉種植地，那是當(dāng)?shù)匾晃桓F寡婦和她那群孤兒靠著活命的唯一資源。現(xiàn)在馬克·吐溫先生既然在眾人面前出來競選州長，那么他或許可以屈尊解釋一下如下事情的經(jīng)過。吐溫先生不管是對自己或是對要求投票選舉他的偉大人民，都有責(zé)任澄清此事的真相。他愿意這樣做嗎？”
我當(dāng)時驚愕不已！竟有這樣一種殘酷無情的指控。我從來就沒有到過交趾支那！我從來沒聽說過什么瓦卡瓦克！我也不知道什么香蕉種植地，正如我不知道什么是袋鼠一樣！我不知道要怎么辦才好，我簡直要發(fā)瘋了，卻又毫無辦法。那一天我什么事情也沒做，就讓日子白白溜過去了。第二天早晨，這家報紙再沒說別的什么，只有這么一句話：
“意味深長——大家都會注意到：吐溫先生對交趾支那偽證案一事一直發(fā)人深省地保持緘默。”
〔備忘——在這場競選運動中，這家報紙以后但凡提到我時，必稱“臭名昭著的偽證犯吐溫”。〕
接著是《新聞報》，登了這樣一段話：
“需要查清——是否請新州長候選人向急于等著要投他票的同胞們解釋一下以下一件小事？那就是吐溫先生在蒙大拿州野營時，與他住在同一帳篷的伙伴經(jīng)常丟失小東西，后來這些東西一件不少地都從吐溫先生身上或“箱子”（即他卷藏雜物的報紙）里發(fā)現(xiàn)了。大家為他著想，不得不對他進行友好的告誡，在他身上涂滿柏油，粘上羽毛，叫他坐木杠①，把他攆出去，并勸告他讓出鋪位，從此別再回來。他愿意解釋這件事嗎？”
難道還有比這種控告用心更加險惡的嗎？我這輩子根本就沒有到過蒙大拿州呀。
〔此后，這家報紙照例叫我做“蒙大拿的小偷吐溫”。〕
于是，我開始變得一拿起報紙就有些提心吊膽起來，正如同你想睡覺時拿起一床毯子，可總是不放心，生怕那里面有條蛇似的。有一天，我看到這么一段消息：
“謊言已被揭穿！——根據(jù)五方位區(qū)的密凱爾·奧弗拉納根先生、華脫街的吉特·彭斯先生和約翰·艾倫先生三位的宣誓證書，現(xiàn)已證實：馬克·吐溫先生曾惡毒聲稱我們尊貴的領(lǐng)袖約翰·特·霍夫曼的祖父曾因攔路搶劫而被處絞刑一說，純屬粗暴無理之謊言，毫無事實根據(jù)。他毀謗亡人，以讕言玷污其美名，用這種下流手段來達到政治上的成功，使有道德之人甚為沮喪。當(dāng)我們想到這一卑劣謊言必然會使死者無辜的親友蒙受極大悲痛時，幾乎要被迫煽動起被傷害和被侮辱的公眾，立即對誹謗者施以非法的報復(fù)。但是我們不這樣！還是讓他去因受良心譴責(zé)而感到痛苦吧。（不過，如果公眾義憤填膺，盲目胡來，對誹謗者進行人身傷害，很明顯，陪審員不可能對此事件的兇手們定罪，法庭也不可能對他們加以懲罰。）”
最后這句巧妙的話很起作用，當(dāng)天晚上當(dāng)“被傷害和被侮辱的公眾”從前進來時，嚇得我趕緊從床上爬起來，從后門溜走。他們義憤填膺，來時搗毀家具和門窗，走時把能拿動的財物統(tǒng)統(tǒng)帶走。然而，我可以手按《圣經(jīng)》起誓：我從沒誹謗過霍夫曼州長的祖父。而且直到那天為止，我從沒聽人說起過他，我自己也沒提到過他。
〔順便說一句，刊登上述新聞的那家報紙此后總是稱我為“拐尸犯吐溫”。〕
引起我注意的下一篇報上的文章是下面這段：
“好個候選人——馬克·吐溫先生原定于昨晚獨立黨民眾大會上作一次損傷對方的演說，卻未履行其義務(wù)。他的醫(yī)生打電報來稱他被幾匹狂奔的拉車的馬撞倒，腿部兩處負傷——臥床不起，痛苦難言等等，以及許多諸如此類的廢話。獨立黨的黨員們只好竭力聽信這一拙劣的托詞，假裝不知道他們提名為候選人的這個放蕩不羈的家伙未曾出席大會的真正原因。
有人見到，昨晚有一個人喝得酩酊大醉，搖搖晃晃地走進吐溫先生下榻的旅館。獨立黨人責(zé)無旁貸須證明那個醉鬼并非馬克·吐溫本人。這一下我們終于把他們抓住了。此事不容避而不答。人民以雷鳴般的呼聲詢問：‘那人是誰？’”
我的名字真的與這個丟臉的嫌疑聯(lián)在一起，這是不可思議的，絕對地不可思議。我已經(jīng)有整整三年沒有喝過啤酒、葡萄酒或任何一種酒了。
〔這家報紙在下一期上大膽地稱我為“酒瘋子吐溫先生”，而且我知道，它會一直這樣稱呼下去，但我當(dāng)時看了竟毫無痛苦，足見這種局勢對我有多大的影響。〕
那時我所收到的郵件中，匿名信占了重要的部分。那些信一般是這樣寫的：
“被你從你寓所門口一腳踢開的那個要飯的老婆婆，現(xiàn)在怎么樣了？”
好管閑事者
也有這樣寫的：
“你干的一些事，除我之外沒人知道，你最好拿出幾塊錢來孝敬鄙人，不然，報上有你好看的。”
惹不起
大致就是這類內(nèi)容。如果還想聽，我可以繼續(xù)引用下去，直到使讀者惡心。
不久，共和黨的主要報紙“宣判”我犯了大規(guī)模的賄賂罪，而民主黨最主要的報紙則把一樁大肆渲染敲詐案件硬“栽”在我頭上。
〔這樣，我又得到了兩個頭銜：“骯臟的賄賂犯吐溫”和“令人惡心的訛詐犯吐溫”。〕
這時候輿論嘩然，紛紛要我“答復(fù)”所有對我提出的那些可怕的指控。這就使得我們黨的報刊主編和領(lǐng)袖們都說，我如果再沉默不語，我的政治生命就要給毀了。好像要使他們的控訴更為迫切似的，就在第二天，一家報紙登了這樣一段話：
“明察此人！獨立黨這位候選人至今默不吭聲。因為他不敢說話。對他的每條控告都有證據(jù)，并且那種足以說明問題的沉默一再承認(rèn)了他的罪狀，現(xiàn)在他永遠翻不了案了。獨立黨的黨員們，看看你們這位候選人吧！看看這位聲名狼藉的偽證犯！這位蒙大拿的小偷！這位拐尸犯！好好看一看你們這個具體化的酒瘋子！你們這位骯臟的賄賂犯！你們這位令人惡心的訛詐犯！你們盯住他好好看一看，好好想一想——這個家伙犯下了這么可怕的罪行，得了這么一連串倒霉的稱號，而且一條也不敢予以否認(rèn)，看你們是否還愿意把自己公正的選票投給他！”
我無法擺脫這種困境，只得深懷恥辱，準(zhǔn)備著手“答復(fù)”那一大堆毫無根據(jù)的指控和卑鄙下流的謊言。但是我始終沒有完成這個任務(wù)，因為就在第二天，有一家報紙登出一個新的恐怖案件，再次對我進行惡意中傷，說因一家瘋?cè)嗽悍恋K我家的人看風(fēng)景，我就將這座瘋?cè)嗽簾簦言豪锏牟∪私y(tǒng)統(tǒng)燒死了，這使我萬分驚慌。接著又是一個控告，說我為了吞占我叔父的財產(chǎn)而將他毒死，并且要求立即挖開墳?zāi)跪炇＿@使我?guī)缀跸萑肓司皴e亂的境地。在這些控告之上，還有人竟控告我在負責(zé)育嬰堂事務(wù)時雇用老掉了牙的、昏庸的親戚給育嬰堂做飯。我拿不定主意了——真的拿不定主意了。最后，黨派斗爭的積怨對我的無恥迫害達到了自然而然的高潮：有人教唆９個剛剛在學(xué)走路的包括各種不同膚色、穿著各種各樣的破爛衣服的小孩，沖到一次民眾大會的講臺上來，緊緊抱住我的雙腿，叫我做爸爸！
我放棄了競選。我降下旗幟投降。我不夠競選紐約州州長運動所要求的條件，所以，我呈遞上退出候選人的聲明，并懷著痛苦的心情簽上我的名字：
“你忠實的朋友，過去是正派人，現(xiàn)在卻成了偽證犯、小偷、拐尸犯、酒瘋子、賄賂犯和訛詐犯的馬克·吐溫。”

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