各位正在備考英語四級作文的同學們都知道作文是英語四級考試一塊兒非常重要的內容，在備考過程中，大家不僅要熟悉英語四級詞匯和短語，還要掌握寫作技巧，祝大家取得優異的四級成績。

　　一篇文章的開頭基本決定了閱卷老師對一篇文章的印象，也基本決定了一篇文章的得分。四六級考試雖然對作文要求不高，但麻雀雖小，五臟俱全，也應該講究開頭與結尾。而考試時，有些同學只知道按提綱敷衍成文，不知道好的文章應該有一個自然得體引人注目的開頭;另一些同學則相反，在第一段里不遺余力地大量使用經典句型。作文中使用固定或經典句型本來可以成為老師閱卷時加分的閃光點。但如果不分題型，隨意套用句型，給人感覺明顯牽強，效果就會適得其反。

　　先請看一篇考生作文：

　　What is honesty? Does it pay to be honest? There are no consensus opinions of these two questions. Some people think it is no use to be honest. While others believe that honesty is a noble thing. Were I to offer my opinion, I will not hesitate to say that I agree with the latter one.

　　It is true that there are many things dishonest in society. In an examination some students bring books and papers, which are prohibited, into classrooms. Many shop assistants sell low-quality products at high prices in order to make benefit for themselves.

　　As far as I’m concerned, I think one person should be honest everywhere. If you are an honest person, you will make more friends. That means other people will make trust on you at any time. In the future an honest company will have a good reputation that build upon honest businesses. Consequently, honesty are benefit for each other.

　　Let’s keeps these words in mind. It pays to be honest. Honesty can make the world more beautiful.

　　本篇寫得最好的是第二段和最后一段。第三段雖然有些錯誤，但分析了誠實對個人和公司都有好處，符合題目要求，表意基本清楚。問題出在第一段上，因為里面使用的一些句型很難和下文聯系起來。這是在很多同學中普遍存在的毛病，即沒弄清楚題幸而盲目套用句型。

　　為了寫好文章開頭段(introduction)，我們應該首先了解它的結構和功能。一般說來文章開頭段由兩個部分組成：引言句和中心思想句(有時可以開門見山，即沒有引言句;如果主體部分只有一段，有時可以把中心思想句放在主體段開頭)。開頭段可以起到四個作用，即：

　　闡明并限定主題

　　提供相關背景信息

　　引出中心思想句

　　吸引讀者注意

　　寫好開頭段，常用的方法有：總結法(summary)，設問法(question)，背景法(setting or background)，描寫法(description)，傳聞逸事法(anecdote)，數字事實法(figures and statistics)或警句格言法(proverb)等。

　　為了寫好開頭段，我們更要分清題型。根據文章結構，四六級考試基本分成兩大類：議論(argumentation)和說明(exposition ).

　　議論類文章又可分成兩小類。第一小類要求列舉不同的人對某個問題所持的不同看法并陳述各自理由(list points to support views of both sides, then , after comparing the two , choose a side that you favor.)如2000年6月試題 “Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?”要求在第一段中寫 “很多人認為有必要進行英語口語考試”的理由， 第二段要求寫 “也有人持不同意見”，第三段寫 “我的看法和打算”.這類文章有一種變體,即可在簡要介紹對立觀點(即第一段)以后重點闡述自己觀點并列舉理由，(然后最好還要根據需要寫出第三段).如 98年6月試題 “ Do ‘Lucky Numbers’ Really Bring Good Luck?” 要求在第一部分中寫 “有些人認為某些數字會帶來好運”,在第二部分中提出 “我認為數字和運氣無關”;議論性文章還有第二小類，即要求作者對某個事物或現象兩面性進行列舉和比較(也可以對兩件事物各自優劣性進行全面比較)，如93年1月試題Motorcycles and City Life和96年1月試題Two-day Weekend就是要求分別寫出摩托車和雙休日的優點和缺點。以前這類議論型試題一統天下,每年至少考一次.但這類題的寫作明顯模式化，易于模仿,因此受到高校老師的廣泛批評,近年明顯失寵,現已連續數次未考.

　　第二大類文章即說明類文章要求作者對某種社會熱點問題的原因或結果進行分析列舉,如97年12月試題 “My View on Fake Commodities”就要求先寫出假冒偽劣商品的危害,再指出怎樣杜絕假冒偽劣商品;或說明如何做好某事(what, why, how).如 “How to Succeed in a Job Interview?”要求先指出面試的重要性,再提出面試成功的一些因素.這類文章的變體是圖表或圖畫題.

　　對于議論型的第一小類文章，可以用總結法，設問法，也可以用背景法。如果用總結法有很多常見句型，如上文這個同學在這篇文章里用的“There is no consensus of opinions as to the view of sth.…”。此外還有

　　When it comes to sth, people’s ideas vary from person to person, some hold … while others take it for granted …;

　　Nowadays there has been a heated discussion on the issue of sth. …;

　　When asked about sth. , people’s views vary from person to person. It is held that… while it is also held that….

　　這些句型開篇點出全文主旨，這種開頭方法我們稱之為 “總結法”(summary)。 對于這類題型的文章， 我們還經常使用另外一種方法 “設問法”(question)，這種開頭經常根據題目具體情況設計一到幾個問句，問句可以是一般疑問句，可以是選擇疑問句，也可以是特殊疑問句。如針對 英語口語考試是否必要一題，就可以設計出這樣的問句：

　　Is it necessary to hold a test of spoken English when, as someone puts it, the test of written English ‘has already posed a heavy burden on students’? To this question, different people have different ideas”;或

　　What’s your attitude towards the test of spoken English? Is it right or not to have it? Faced with questions of this kind, everyone has his own view

　　下面接著展開主體部分：some think it necessary for the reasons listed as follows: 可見，提問法開頭可以在問句的后面加上概括全文的句子，實際上問句只是一個引子，他們的目的還是要引出全文的中心思想句，以使讀者在看正文之前對下文有一 個大致了解。

　　議論性文章的第二小類常用背景法開頭。如摩托車篇可以這樣開頭：

　　Now, it is generally accepted that the motocycle plays an important part in people’s lives. But, there is an ongoing heated discussion as to whether it is a blessing or a curse. 或：With the advent of motorcycle ( or “Since the invention of sth.” or “Ever since sth. found its way into common household”), it has become indispensable to people’s lives. But, like everything else, it has both favorable and unfavorable aspects.

　　說明性文章的開頭則比較無章可循，一般多用背景法，(不 大好用總結法).除此以外，還可以用描寫法，傳聞逸事法，數字事實法或警句格言法等。也可用其他方法。本次考試的文章可屬第二類(hot issue,)。而上面那位同學誤用了總結法，所以盡管文章總體寫得不錯，但開頭確實不很理想。那些句型應該用在第一大類題型(即 “some, others , I” ; or “my view”on something)中。這篇文章最好能用背景法開頭，或用生動的描寫，或用個人親身經歷。哪怕是用老套的with the development of commercial society, people’s living standard has greatly improved. Yet, along with the improvement, has also arisen some problems, one of which is the loss of honesty.接著簡單列舉一些各行業里的欺詐現象。第二段雖然要求寫誠實的好處，但仍可按第二類題型先寫出這種現象的原因或副面影響(也可不寫)，再 寫誠實的好處，號召大家誠實為本。

　　下面請看本次考試文章的幾種開頭：

　　Nowadays, with the development of commercial society, people’s living standard has been greatly improved. But along with this improvement, has also arisen some problems, one of which is the loss of our traditional virtue---honesty. This, of course, will lead to undesirable consequences. (setting) (下面可列舉影響)

　　Customers falling victims of false commercials; patients losing lives for the effect of shoddy medicines; students caught cheating in exams; scholars found plagiarizing in their writings published. All these are nothing new. What’s alarming is that these phenomena are on the rise these days.(description)(下面可列舉原因)

　　Recently it’s reported that another swindler has been found guilty and convicted of fraud for gathering large sums of money by cheating. This case, unfortunately, sounds not unusual to modern readers for it is well-known that a growing number of people are willing to trade honesty for a few shining coins. But this behavior, at least it seems to me, is unwise. (anecdote) ( 下面可展開分析，說明誠實對人對己都有利 )

　　Honesty means fairness and uprightness in speech and acts. It’s a long-valued virtue that everyone has to cultivate in himself in order to lead a real happy life and that we Chinese have to treasure in order to exist as a prosperous people or even to survive. (definition) (下面分析誠實對個人和國家的好處)

　　“Honesty is the best policy” as the saying goes. But, unfortunately, honesty, the long-treasured virtue, seems less appealing to people in increasing numbers.(proverb) (下面可列舉一些不誠實現象)

　　According to a survey conducted by a group of leading sociologists, seven out of ten interviewees, when asked, admitted that they lied “regularly and habitually” at work and were currently having an affair which they were keeping secret from their mates. An alarming figure, indeed. No wonder the appeal for honesty. (figures and statistics) (下面可提出一些解決方法)。

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