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個人主義

Individualism is a term used to describe a moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence and the importance of individual self-reliance and liberty. Individualists promote the exercise of individual goals and desires. They oppose most external interference with an individual’s choices—whether by society, the state, or any other group or institution. Individualism is therefore opposed to holism, collectivism, fascism, communalism, statism, totalitarianism, and communitarianism, which stress that communal, group, societal, racial, or national goals should take priority over individual goals. Individualism is also opposed to the view that tradition, religion, or any other form of external moral standard should be used to limit an individual’s choice of actions.

社會責任感

Social responsibility is an ethical or ideological theory that an entity, whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual, has a responsibility to society.

There is a large inequality in the means and roles of different entities to fulfill their claimed responsibility. This would imply that different entities have different responsibilities, insomuch as states should ensure the civil rights of their citizens, that corporations should respect and encourage the human rights of their employees and that citizens should abide by written laws. But social responsibility can mean more than these examples. Many NGOs accept that their roles and the responsibility of their members as citizens are to help improve society by taking a proactive stance in their societal roles. It can also imply that corporations have an implicit obligation to give back to society (such as is claimed as part of corporate social responsibility and/or stakeholder theory).

社會改革運動和社會激進運動

Reform movements—movements dedicated to changing some norms, usually legal ones. Examples of such a movement would include a trade union with a goal of increasing workers’ rights, a green movement advocating a set of ecological laws, or a movement supporting introduction of a capital punishment or right to abortion. Some reform movements may advocate a change in custom and moral norms, for example, condemnation of pornography or proliferation of some religion. The nature of such movements is not just related to the issue but also to the methods used. There could be reformist or radical methods used to achieve the same end, such as in the case of making abortion legal and readily available.

Radical movement—movements dedicated to changing value systems. Those involve fundamental changes, unlike the reform movements, examples would include the American Civil Rights Movement which demanded full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans (this movement was broad and included both radical and reformist elements), regardless of race, and the Polish Solidarity movement which demanded the transformation of communist political and economy system into democracy and capitalism.

公眾知識分子的社會作用

The Public Intellectual communicates information and “truths” about issues on a variety of societal issues; however, this role is seemingly filled by others, so what makes the Public

Intellectual something warranting a title? Public Intellectuals usually emerge from the educated elite. McKee has shown how the bulk of North American writers on public intellectuals assume that they will be academics—people like themselves—if never “merely” academics, and have therefore a tie to academia and the power (communication) that such a position holds alongside the ability to convey to the wider public their understandings and ideas via a range of media (books, documentaries, films, talks). It is this converging with the public sphere which separates academics with Public Intellectuals.

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