Cause and effect 因果關系

　　標志詞

　　1)表示原因的 because, as, since, due to, owing to (畫橫線的連接詞請重點掌握)

　　2)表示結果的 hence(因此),thus(因此),therefore(因此),As a consequence,…(作為結果)Accordingly…(相應的)，As a result…(作為結果)Consequently…(作為結果) so…that…(如此…以致…)

　　E.g. The ecological problems are being aggravated. Hence, it is imperative that we take measures to curb the pollution of the environment.

　　生態系統正在急劇的惡化,因此，我們必須采取嚴厲的措施遏制對環境的污染。

　　Exemplification 舉例關系

　　標志詞 …is a case in point.(某人或某事是一個恰當的例子.)Take…for example.(以…為例) for instance. (比如…) To Illustrate…(例如…) As an illustration…(作為例證…)

　　e.g. The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate. Take China for example, when youngsters go to the movies, it is standard practice for them to choose Hollywood blockbuster over domestic films.

　　亞洲國家正以一種驚人的速度變得西方化，以中國為例，當年輕人去電影院的時候，通常都會選擇好萊塢大片而不是中國電影。

　　Comparison and contrast 對比關系

　　標志詞 While …,whereas…,whilst…,in contrast

　　e.g. Whereas/ while modern man is so rushed and so stressed, our ancestors could often perform their business in a relaxed manner.(對比)

　　現代人的生活是如此的奔忙與緊張，而我們的祖先卻可以不慌不忙的從事他們的事務。

　　e.g. The educational and medical facilities in big cities are mostly very advanced. In contrast, their counterparts in the country tend to be of inferior quality.

　　Concession 讓步關系

　　標志詞 Despite /in spite of …(后面只能跟名詞 名詞詞組或者動名詞)(盡管有…),albeit…(盡管 ,后面只能跟形容詞或者介詞短語), 形容詞+as it may be…(盡管,前面只能加形容詞),Nonetheless/Nevertheless,(盡管如此)

　　e.g. 1 Tough as it may be to get accustomed to a new culture, it will prove very rewarding.

　　盡管適應新的文化可能很難，但這會被證明是很值得的。

　　2 Rote Learning is at times necessary, albeit monotonous.

　　死記硬背有時候是必要的，很枯燥和機械。

　　3 The government plays a crucial role in scientific research, Nonetheless, private companies hold certain advantages in conducting scientific research.

　　Definition 下定義關系

　　標志詞 A is best characterized by…( A 最明顯的特征是…),A constitutes…(A 構成…) A means…, A consists of …(A 由…組成).

　　e.g. A fine journalist is best characterized by discipline, determination and keen　observations.

　　一個好的記者最重要的特點是自律，毅力和敏銳的觀察。

　　Animal experimentation, in some cases, constitutes callous abuse of test animals.

　　Supposition 假設論證

　　標志詞 provided that…(如果) given the choice…(如果可以選擇的話…)only if…(只有…)as long as…(只要) if…, suppose that…

　　e.g. Provided that we can minimize the pain of test animals, animal experimentation should be continued.

　　e.g. Given the choice, many people would live in big cities rather than the countryside.

　　Modification 修飾關系

　　標志詞 that, which, who

　　In this day age, we have a proliferation of buildings that look exactly like the buildings our ancestors built.

　　Today, teenage students are under increasingly severe stress in their studies, which has disturbed and alarmed many adults.

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