雅思寫作如何有效地擴(kuò)展段落
中國烤鴨的雅思寫作分?jǐn)?shù)一直以來都不是特別理想。導(dǎo)致這一問題的原因有很多，其中一個重要的原因就是眾多考生無法有效的擴(kuò)展段落。在這里，專家將向考生們介紹幾個有效擴(kuò)展段落的重要因素。
首先，一個段落必須有一個中心即主題思想。主題思想在雅思考試中主要是通過段落的首句來表達(dá)的。這個句子在雅思寫作中，我們把它稱為主題句。整個段落必須緊扣這個主題，這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次，一個段落必須有若干擴(kuò)展句，使主題思想得到充分展開，句子與句子之間環(huán)環(huán)相扣，這就是完整性。再者，一個段落不是雜亂無章的，而是有機(jī)的組合，句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯，從一個句子到另一個句子的過渡必須流暢，這就是連貫性。雅思寫作四項評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的coherence and cohesion在這里占了較大的比重。
1. 統(tǒng)一性
一個段落內(nèi)的各個句子必須從屬于一個中心，任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。
請看下例：
Amittedly, 這個地方需要一個與開頭銜接的詞。There are a lot of evidences showing that the rich-poor gap is increasing with the updating of technology. One of the reasons is that the usage of household appliances is gradually taking the place of labour force, for it is convenient and economical to use the man-made devices compared with employing someone. In this situation, many of the labours who are not skilful and well-educated in other sectors would be paid at lower level for the same work or even lose their jobs. Moreover, the lack of education expenditure in such families leads to the lack of skill and knowledge of their children, so such gap can be hardly eliminated of generations. 本段落里面論據(jù)和主題句里提到的evidences不一致，或者說人們的工作技能和其受教育的程度與科技會加大貧富之間的差距有什么關(guān)系?
However, parents should not take these as excuses and escape their responsibility. 主題句這樣寫，就要在段中以解釋父母的職責(zé)為主線來論述父母對孩子的影響。但是段落的第二句話與主題句或與后續(xù)的句意都銜接不連貫。Children may feel more convenient communicating with parents, and accept what they told better. Besides, parents have their own way influencing children. For example, they can encourage children by giving special gift which teachers cannot offer. 卷面上如果這種句子多了，造成偏題或離題，那問題就更嚴(yán)重了。
2. 完整性
正像我們前面說的那樣，一個段落的主題思想靠推展句來實現(xiàn)，如果只有主題句而沒有推展句來進(jìn)一步交待和充實，就不能構(gòu)成一個完整的段落。同樣，雖然有推展句，但主題思想沒有得到相對圓滿的交待，給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺，這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。
例如：
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work--you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問題。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平靜)，Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。
又如：
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法，必須有具體事例加以驗證。上述兩個推展句只是在文字上對主題作些解釋，整個段落內(nèi)容空洞，簡而不明。如果用一兩個具體的例子的話，就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段：
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can’t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming "Help"?
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