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Statistics

　　There were two widely divergent influences on the early developmentof statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keepingorderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the sameLatin root status) and a  gentlemanly gambling father who relied onmathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. 
The influence of the  mother on the offspring, statistics, isrepresented  by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering,  and  the  taking  of  censuses --  all  of  which  led  to  modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of  the father came modern  inferential statistics,  which  is based squarelyon theories of probability.
　　Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depictingand describing collections of data. These data may be quantitative such asmeasures of height, intelligence or grade level -- variables that arecharacterized by an underlying continuum -- or the data may representqualitative variables, such as sex, college major or personality type.Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization orreduction before they are  comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is atool for  describing  or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible  form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass ofdata.
　　Inferential statistics is a formalized body ofmethods for solving another class of problems that  present great    difficulties  for  the  unaided human  mind.  This  general  class  of  problemscharacteristically  involve  attempts  to  make predictions  using  a  sample  of  observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion ofchildren in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, havebeen vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a  little knowledge  of  statistics,  the  superintendent would  know  that  it  is  unnecessary  andinefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire district couldbe estimated fairly accurately 
from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferentialstatistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population froma knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
　　全文翻譯：統計學
　　統計方法的早期發展受到兩種截然不同的影響。統計學有一個"母親"，她致力于井井 有條地記錄政府機構的文件(國家和統計學這兩個詞源于同一個拉丁語詞根，status)，還有一 個有紳士般的賭博"父親"，他依靠數學來提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。  "母親"對 其子女統計學的影響表現在計數、測量、描述、制表、歸類和人口普查。  所有這些導致了 現代描述統計學的誕生。  由于"父親"的影響則產生了完全基于概率論原理的現代推理統計學。描述統計學涉及對所收集數據的制表、制圖和描述。 這些數據可以是數量性的數據，如高度、智商、或者是層級性的數據--具有連續性的變量--或數據也可以代表性質變量，如 性別、大學專業或性格類型等等。數量龐大的數據通常必須經過概括或刪減的程序才能為人所理解。描述統計學就是這樣一個工具，它對極其龐雜的數據進行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。推理統計學是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人 腦極難解決的另一類問題。這類問題的顯著特點是試圖通過取樣調查來作出預測。例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個龐大的學校系統中，不吃早飯就上學的學生、已經做過防感冒免疫的學生，或其它任何類型的學生占多大比例。若具備一些統計學的知識，這位督察應 明白，詢問每個孩子是沒有必要而且沒有效率的，只要用 100 個孩子為樣本，他就可以相當精確地得出這些孩子占整個學區的比例了。因此，推理統計學的目的就是通過了解一個群體中一些樣本的特性，從而對整個群體的特性進行推測和估算。

 

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