【托福寫作】如何提升論證的力度？詳解寫作中例證的3個角度
很多考生在托福寫作中，將例證狹隘的理解為是講一個故事，或是舉個例子就行，其實這只是例證的一種角度，如果通篇都用這種方法寫作，難免會讓閱卷老師感覺單一與重復。其實例證有三個角度：泛例、特例與調查研究。
一、例證的重要性
沒有例證的托福作文算不得是一篇好文章，在托福寫作評分標準部分提到論證的展開模式有兩種：reasoning、examplification.
沒有具體實質內容而又假大空的論證是得不了高分的，所以例證成為托福作文論證模式的關鍵，一般托福獨立寫作的題目都要求"Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer"我們很難想象一篇沒有例證的作文是如何寫到400字的。
1.泛例
所謂的范例就是范舉一些普遍現象來證明一個論點，不涉及具體時間和場景，如：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Nowadays, young people nowadays are more independent than before.
用泛例以后就可以是：
The easier and wider education access makes young people more independent. For example,numerous teenagers go abroad and study overseas. In the new strange circumstance,they have to solve all the problems they confront mainly by themselves. Such experience will certainly strengthen their independence.
2.特例
特例的意思就是特質具體某個事例與個案，帶有情節感。特例可以是名人事例，也可以是自己身邊的事，這么寫可以有一種很強的真實感。如剛才那個題目，用特例的話就可以這么寫：
The easier and wider access makes young people more independent. For example, my cousin who is 18 years old is studying in USA. Before he studied abroad, he relied heavily on his parents and he even didn’t know how to do the laundry.Now he can handle all his daily chores thanks to the oversea study experience.
3.調查研究
調查研究后面可以加數據，也可以加評論，不用擔心你沒看過什么調查研究，其實只是用調查研究的名頭來增強例證的說服力。同樣是上述的題目，用調查研究的話就可以是這樣的：
The easier and wider access makes young people more independent. A recent survey conducted by some sociologists and psychologists suggests that the number of teenagers who study abroad is on a sharp rise in these years, which is a main contributor to the independence in their character.
二、論證力度
有實力不一定就能確保論證的力度，它只能確保論證的字數。真正論證的力度是由實力的內容決定的，舉泛例時要避免點到即止，舉特列時要避免太啰嗦太細節，舉調查研究時要避免夸大和失真。我們要記住，不管什么例子都只為了支持論點，focus不能是例子本身。
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