托福綜合寫作(Integrated Writing)長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)都是托福考試的難點(diǎn)之一，全面考察考生快速閱讀、聽(tīng)取關(guān)鍵信息和原文復(fù)述的能力。由于閱讀和聽(tīng)力實(shí)力較弱導(dǎo)致綜合寫作失分嚴(yán)重，想要提升卻不得其法。從傳統(tǒng)備考思路看提升閱讀和聽(tīng)力固然沒(méi)錯(cuò)，但如何在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)加強(qiáng)針對(duì)性、高效提分才是關(guān)鍵。下面就為大家?guī)?lái)托福綜合寫作的閱讀材料，希望在練習(xí)中能不斷提升大家的托福綜合寫作能力。

托福綜合寫作閱讀材料：

In many organizations, perhaps the best wayto approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. 在很多機(jī)構(gòu)里，恰當(dāng)完成一個(gè)新項(xiàng)目的最好方法可能是把一組人組織成一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)。一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)來(lái)完成一個(gè)項(xiàng)目有幾個(gè)優(yōu)勢(shì)。

First of all, a group of people has a widerrange of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likelyto possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resourcesthey possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned toit and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.

首先，一組人員意味著有比任何一個(gè)個(gè)體擁有更為廣泛的知識(shí)、技能以及技巧。同時(shí)，因?yàn)橛懈鄶?shù)量人員的介入和更多資源的占有，團(tuán)隊(duì)工作可以以更快的速度對(duì)任務(wù)作出反應(yīng)。同時(shí)，也能創(chuàng)造性地解決遇到的問(wèn)題和爭(zhēng)議。

Sometimes these creative solutions comeabout because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individualmight not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for adecision to all the members and thus no single individual can be heldaccountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.

由于在團(tuán)隊(duì)工作中個(gè)體無(wú)需承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，所以會(huì)傾向于作出冒險(xiǎn)的決定。這就導(dǎo)致了團(tuán)隊(duì)工作有時(shí)候可以創(chuàng)造性地解決問(wèn)題。這是因?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)把團(tuán)隊(duì)決策的責(zé)任分?jǐn)偨o所有的成員了，這樣的話，即使決策最后證明是錯(cuò)的，也不會(huì)有任何個(gè)體需要對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)。

Taking part in a group process can be veryrewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making adecision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailedby the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others.Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to gethis or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highlysignificant, becausea team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and havegreater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person toaccomplish or contribute working alone.

加入一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)于個(gè)體成員來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)非常榮耀的。對(duì)于那些能夠影響決策的成員來(lái)說(shuō)，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，他們?cè)趫F(tuán)隊(duì)行為中得來(lái)的決策快感要優(yōu)于他們被動(dòng)地接受別人指派任務(wù)時(shí)候的感受。同時(shí)，團(tuán)隊(duì)中的個(gè)人有更多“閃耀”的機(jī)會(huì)，這些機(jī)會(huì)的實(shí)現(xiàn)是由于他們對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的貢獻(xiàn)不但被認(rèn)可，而且是高度低認(rèn)可。這種高度的認(rèn)可是因?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)的成就和影響力是要要高于個(gè)體。團(tuán)隊(duì)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)個(gè)體所不完成的任務(wù)，達(dá)到個(gè)體所不能達(dá)到的高度。

托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點(diǎn)是：

-Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is toassemble a group of people into a team.

-Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the taskassigned to it

-Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.

-Sub point 3: Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding formembers of the team.

托福綜合寫作閱讀觀點(diǎn)抽出方法：

-Main point: 主觀點(diǎn)抽取的時(shí)候，有些同學(xué)喜歡憑感覺(jué)。可是如果感覺(jué)可靠的話，就沒(méi)有那么多人失戀了。感覺(jué)是靠不住的，我們要找到根據(jù)。這篇文章的主觀點(diǎn)算是比較好找的。閱讀部分從題材上是essay，這個(gè)跟我們獨(dú)立寫作的作文是一致的。對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫作我們對(duì)開(kāi)頭段的要求是什么呢?那就是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的drawer加上一個(gè)清晰的main point。同時(shí)如果時(shí)間不允許，那么開(kāi)頭直接說(shuō)觀點(diǎn)也是可以的，這篇文章呢，就是開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山的說(shuō)出了觀點(diǎn)：perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemblea group of people into a team。而后面的一句話是過(guò)渡句，是預(yù)告下文的。也就是說(shuō)，我將在團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的優(yōu)勢(shì)方面來(lái)支持我的主觀點(diǎn)。我們?cè)讵?dú)立寫作的時(shí)候，也可以把sub point整理之后提前到開(kāi)頭段，因?yàn)殚_(kāi)頭段存在的目的是：what I will talk about。

-Sub point 1: 簡(jiǎn)單的main point找到之后，大家就在第一個(gè)sub point上面折戟了，華麗麗地選擇了開(kāi)頭句。是呀，我們都說(shuō)TS前置的呀!!!但是這是考題呀，就是考我們?cè)趺闯槌鲇^點(diǎn)的。同時(shí)，經(jīng)過(guò)這個(gè)也可以看出來(lái)，不把TS前置是多么討厭的事情呀。我們寫文章一個(gè)要不能用廢話去煩考官，另一個(gè)是不能去考考官，因?yàn)槲覀兪侨鮿?shì)群體。那么，這個(gè)sub point是怎么找出來(lái)的呢?顯然不是憑感覺(jué)的。我們先厘清一下一個(gè)概念，就是一段里面sub point和下面的support內(nèi)容是什么關(guān)系呢?唉，是解釋的關(guān)系。Support是解釋sub point的，是支持sub point的。因此，所有表原因的部分，都不會(huì)是point，而會(huì)是support和details。因此“becauseof the numbers of people involved and the greater resourcesthey possess”這句就華麗麗的不會(huì)是觀點(diǎn)。而跟著它的那個(gè)主句，這很有可能是觀點(diǎn)，但目前還不能這么草率的確定。我們沿著這個(gè)句子往前看，有個(gè)詞是“also”。這個(gè)詞，直譯過(guò)來(lái)就是“也”。如果這樣一句話：“ , 我也沒(méi)吃飯，所以我們要一起去吃飯”，那么橫線上的內(nèi)容一定是“我也沒(méi)吃飯”相平行的，要么張三，要么李四，共同組成“我們?nèi)コ燥垺钡脑颉Ｋ詀lso之前的內(nèi)容也是原因，而不是結(jié)果，那么就不會(huì)是觀點(diǎn)。好了，先說(shuō)到這里，接著說(shuō)第二個(gè)sub point，然后回過(guò)頭來(lái)這這一段結(jié)尾的那個(gè)句子。

-Sub point 2: 這個(gè)TS就好找多了，開(kāi)頭第一句嘛。但是這樣就可以了嗎?顯然不行，我們這樣的判斷方法是沒(méi)有普適性的，下一次不放在第一句怎么辦?好吧，我們找一個(gè)很偉大的詞：because。這是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，在主從復(fù)合句中，如果從句放在后半部分，那么就不需要用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，這就讓我們這個(gè)because不那么明顯，但是，如果我們每次看綜合寫作的時(shí)候都先把because念一遍，就找到了。緊接著的這句就更和諧了，“This is because”開(kāi)頭了。那么這句也是表原因啦。里面有個(gè)詞，thus可能會(huì)給大家?guī)?lái)一些困擾：這不是因此嗎?這不是于是嗎?但是在thus前面還有一個(gè)神一樣的詞，是and，好吧，這and表示的時(shí)候前后的東東是并列的，所以能，前后都是表原因的。這個(gè)thus的存在表示后面這個(gè)原因，其實(shí)是and前面的這個(gè)原因衍生出來(lái)的，然后共同充當(dāng)sub point的原因。好了，這一段就只剩下第一句話的主句了，就是creative solution了。這時(shí)候，我們?cè)倩剡^(guò)頭看第一段的最后一句，好像也提到了creative solution了，但同時(shí)也看到了and。And前后的東西是并列的，那么creative solution是一個(gè)sub point，則and前面的句子也是sub point的，驗(yàn)證了我們前邊的推論。至于這里提到的creative solution是對(duì)下面的預(yù)告。我們總是就接用linking word是用fist好還是first and foremost好，但是很多時(shí)候，地道的表達(dá)會(huì)用句子來(lái)做linking。

-Sub point 3: 這段的觀點(diǎn)也是出現(xiàn)在了開(kāi)頭，rewarding。好了，我們?cè)僖膊灰酶杏X(jué)去判斷了。我們找到一個(gè)叫also的詞，它會(huì)告訴我們前后的兩句是同等地位的，鑒于每段之后一個(gè)point，那么這兩句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我們好像也沒(méi)有更好的選擇了。可能有的同學(xué)會(huì)找到because，然后認(rèn)為because前面的那半句是point。但是，因?yàn)閍lso的存在粉碎了這樣的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)我們要知道，在使用推理論證的過(guò)程中，因果是可以不止一層的，很可能是AàBàCàD的過(guò)程。我們不能because A，B 就誤認(rèn)為B是point。其實(shí)獨(dú)立寫作和綜合寫作時(shí)互通的，在獨(dú)立寫作中學(xué)到的論證方法可以幫住我們閱讀，而閱讀中學(xué)到的表達(dá)方式和行文風(fēng)格也可以借鑒到獨(dú)立寫作之中。

現(xiàn)在觀點(diǎn)找到了，我們開(kāi)始簡(jiǎn)單猜一猜聽(tīng)力部分的分論點(diǎn)吧。這個(gè)嘛，不會(huì)太精確，但是可以給我們指出一個(gè)大概分方向。說(shuō)閱讀部分有多重要，可能需要重新開(kāi)一篇文章了，但是我們先記住它主要就好了。

三個(gè)sub point分別是：quickly, creative solution, rewarding。

那么反駁的時(shí)候，就是不quickly、不creative solution和不rewarding。第一個(gè)和第三個(gè)是沒(méi)有問(wèn)題的，但是對(duì)于creative和solution的反駁卻有三個(gè)角度，一個(gè)是不creative，一個(gè)是不solution，一個(gè)是兩個(gè)都反駁。就這篇文章的聽(tīng)力部分來(lái)說(shuō)，是既反駁的creative，又反駁了solution。如果在聽(tīng)力部分聽(tīng)不到這個(gè)點(diǎn)，那就是一定會(huì)丟點(diǎn)的。很多學(xué)生都覺(jué)得自己聽(tīng)懂了，覺(jué)得這個(gè)無(wú)論是語(yǔ)速還是詞匯都遠(yuǎn)小于單獨(dú)的聽(tīng)力部分測(cè)試。但是，這兩者之間是很有很大區(qū)別的，聽(tīng)力測(cè)試是有題目和選項(xiàng)的，更多的是要求大家抓到主干即可，如果要考細(xì)節(jié)，那么就會(huì)有重聽(tīng)。但是綜合寫作卻考的是精聽(tīng)，要你聽(tīng)到觀點(diǎn)和分論點(diǎn)之后，還有寫出support。有的學(xué)生說(shuō)聽(tīng)懂之后，我讓他來(lái)復(fù)述，都會(huì)漏掉很多的細(xì)節(jié)，因?yàn)槁?tīng)的時(shí)候要么記筆記，要么記句子，這些都是不可取的。這部分應(yīng)該和文章閱讀一起單獨(dú)跟大家說(shuō)一說(shuō)。下面我們來(lái)看這篇文章的聽(tīng)力部分吧。

Now I want to tell you about what onecompany found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projectsto teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects andgetting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at howwell the teams performed.

現(xiàn)在我要給大家講講在一個(gè)公司考慮以團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的形式進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目時(shí)候的發(fā)現(xiàn)吧。這幾個(gè)項(xiàng)目是以團(tuán)隊(duì)的形式負(fù)責(zé)和完成的。六個(gè)月之后，公司來(lái)驗(yàn)收項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的如何。

On virtually every team, some members gotalmost a “free ride” . . . they didn’t contribute much at all, but if theirteam did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the teamgot. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided alot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a jobwell done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won’tsurprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they feltabout the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what thereading predicts.

實(shí)際上，在每個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)都會(huì)有一些成員選擇“搭便車”。這些成員并沒(méi)有對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)的工作有任何貢獻(xiàn)，但是如果整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)很好地完成了任務(wù)，他們也會(huì)從團(tuán)隊(duì)所獲得的認(rèn)可中獲利。那么對(duì)于那些在團(tuán)隊(duì)中努力工作，為團(tuán)隊(duì)所面臨的問(wèn)題和正義提供很多簡(jiǎn)介的人呢?沒(méi)有人知道他們的名字。當(dāng)這些真正的貢獻(xiàn)者被問(wèn)及團(tuán)隊(duì)工作的感受是，他們的態(tài)度則是和閱讀部分所預(yù)計(jì)的相反的。你應(yīng)該不會(huì)對(duì)這樣的態(tài)度感到意外的。

Anotherfinding was that some projects justdidn’t move very quickly. Why? Becauseit took so long to reach consensus; ittook many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about howthey would move the project along.

另一個(gè)發(fā)現(xiàn)就是，一些項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的速度不是很快。為什么呢?這是因?yàn)閳F(tuán)隊(duì)需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)，他們需要開(kāi)很多會(huì)才能在成員之間對(duì)于如何進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目達(dá)成共識(shí)。

On the other hand, there were otherinstances where one or two people managed to become very influential over whattheir group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work”about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead ofbeing further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a coupleinfluencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.”And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that theproject was moving in directions that might not work, they were basicallyignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? Whenthe project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.

在另一方面，有些證據(jù)表明在團(tuán)隊(duì)中會(huì)有一到兩個(gè)人會(huì)對(duì)整個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)非常有影響力。有時(shí)候，當(dāng)他們對(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì)中正在運(yùn)行的想法說(shuō)了一句“這是行不通”的時(shí)候，這個(gè)想法就會(huì)在沒(méi)有進(jìn)行深入談?dòng)懻撝熬捅环艞壛恕Ｍ瑫r(shí)，還會(huì)存在這樣一種情況：這些有影響力的人篤定他們相處的方法是“非常有創(chuàng)造性的”。這時(shí)候，即便有些成員會(huì)試圖提醒其他成員項(xiàng)目現(xiàn)在正在沿著一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的方向進(jìn)行，甚至有可能失敗的。但是他們的聲音會(huì)被其他的成員所忽略。你能猜到這個(gè)故事的結(jié)局嗎?結(jié)局就是，當(dāng)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目失敗的時(shí)候，責(zé)備會(huì)被所有團(tuán)隊(duì)成員一同承擔(dān)。

托福綜合寫作聽(tīng)力觀點(diǎn)抽出方法：

聽(tīng)力部分的觀點(diǎn)順序不一定跟閱讀部分是完全一致的，這一點(diǎn)還是比較常見(jiàn)的。在篇文章里，聽(tīng)力部分的第二段，反駁的就是rewarding這個(gè)點(diǎn)，第三段反駁的是quickly，而第四段則分別反駁了creative和solution。先說(shuō)好的idea可能不經(jīng)深入討論就drop了，這樣creative就無(wú)從實(shí)現(xiàn)了，接著說(shuō)在influential的影響下可能在錯(cuò)誤的方向上進(jìn)行，進(jìn)而失敗，以駁斥了solution。

托福綜合寫作筆記：

需要注意的標(biāo)志詞：

Another, on the other hand, because, andthen there was another occasion 在聽(tīng)力部分，because后面的話可就變得重要了。

筆記上的重點(diǎn)詞：

記筆記是一定要的，因?yàn)榭嫉氖蔷?tīng)，細(xì)節(jié)記不下來(lái)就會(huì)失分。但是不要記句子，而是記單詞。就這篇文章來(lái)講，你的筆記上需要出現(xiàn)以下詞：

-didn’t contribute, benefit, no names were named, opposite of readingprediction

-didn’t move very quickly, long to consensus, many meetings

-influential, never work – dropped, high creative – warn, direction notwork – ignore, fail, blame on all members.

在實(shí)際記筆記的過(guò)程中，你可以選擇自己特有的簡(jiǎn)寫方法，那么你的筆記將會(huì)更加簡(jiǎn)潔。聽(tīng)的時(shí)候不要因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)兩個(gè)詞的糾結(jié)影響大片信息的提取。

托福綜合寫作閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)：

第一段：要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容有：passage部分的主觀點(diǎn)，lecture 部分的主觀點(diǎn)，以及兩者之間的關(guān)系。

第二段：passage部分的sub point 1，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。

第三段：passage部分的sub point 2，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。

第四段：passage部分的sub point 3，lecture部分對(duì)應(yīng)的sub point，lecture里面相對(duì)應(yīng)的support和details。

TIP：沒(méi)有必要在文章中出現(xiàn)passage部分的support和details，或者說(shuō)不能出現(xiàn)。

托福綜合寫作范文(僅供參考)：

The lecturer talks about research conductedby a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that thetheory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate whencompared to what happened in reality.

First, some members got free rides. Thatis, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. Thisalso indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition theyshould have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to“shine”. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.

Second, groups were slow in progress. Thepassage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of thenumber of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speakertalks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decisionmaking. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures indecision making. This was another place where experience contradictedtheory.

Third, influential people might emerge andlead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going inthe right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in thewrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter thedecision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, withthe influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in itsthinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed. ratingannotation：

Once you can read past what seem to be theresults of poor typing, this Benchmark 5 does an excellent job of presentingthe points about the contribution and recognition of group members as well asabout speed of group decisions. The final paragraph contains one noticeableerror (“influent”), which is then used correctly two sentences later(“influential”). Overall, this is a successful response and scored within(though perhaps not at the top of) the 5 level.

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