【實例講解】托福綜合寫作備考練習題——團隊項目優勢
托福綜合寫作(Integrated Writing)長期以來都是托福考試的難點之一,全面考察考生快速閱讀、聽取關鍵信息和原文復述的能力。由于閱讀和聽力實力較弱導致綜合寫作失分嚴重,想要提升卻不得其法。從傳統備考思路看提升閱讀和聽力固然沒錯,但如何在有限的時間內加強針對性、高效提分才是關鍵。下面就為大家帶來托福綜合寫作的閱讀材料,希望在練習中能不斷提升大家的托福綜合寫作能力。
托福綜合寫作閱讀材料:
In many organizations, perhaps the best wayto approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. 在很多機構里,恰當完成一個新項目的最好方法可能是把一組人組織成一個團隊。一個團隊來完成一個項目有幾個優勢。
First of all, a group of people has a widerrange of knowledge, expertise, and skills than any single individual is likelyto possess. Also, because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resourcesthey possess, a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned toit and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.
首先,一組人員意味著有比任何一個個體擁有更為廣泛的知識、技能以及技巧。同時,因為有更多數量人員的介入和更多資源的占有,團隊工作可以以更快的速度對任務作出反應。同時,也能創造性地解決遇到的問題和爭議。
Sometimes these creative solutions comeabout because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individualmight not undertake. This is because the group spreads responsibility for adecision to all the members and thus no single individual can be heldaccountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.
由于在團隊工作中個體無需承擔風險,所以會傾向于作出冒險的決定。這就導致了團隊工作有時候可以創造性地解決問題。這是因為團隊把團隊決策的責任分攤給所有的成員了,這樣的話,即使決策最后證明是錯的,也不會有任何個體需要對此負責。
Taking part in a group process can be veryrewarding for members of the team. Team members who have a voice in making adecision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailedby the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others.Also, the individual team member has a much better chance to “shine”, to gethis or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highlysignificant, becausea team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and havegreater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person toaccomplish or contribute working alone.
加入一個團隊對于個體成員來說是一個非常榮耀的。對于那些能夠影響決策的成員來說,毫無疑問,他們在團隊行為中得來的決策快感要優于他們被動地接受別人指派任務時候的感受。同時,團隊中的個人有更多“閃耀”的機會,這些機會的實現是由于他們對團隊的貢獻不但被認可,而且是高度低認可。這種高度的認可是因為團隊的成就和影響力是要要高于個體。團隊可以實現個體所不完成的任務,達到個體所不能達到的高度。
托福綜合寫作閱讀部分需要提取的觀點是:
-Main point: perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is toassemble a group of people into a team.
-Sub point 1: A group can work more quickly in response to the taskassigned to it
-Sub point 2: Sometimes these creative solutions come about.
-Sub point 3: Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding formembers of the team.
托福綜合寫作閱讀觀點抽出方法:
-Main point: 主觀點抽取的時候,有些同學喜歡憑感覺。可是如果感覺可靠的話,就沒有那么多人失戀了。感覺是靠不住的,我們要找到根據。這篇文章的主觀點算是比較好找的。閱讀部分從題材上是essay,這個跟我們獨立寫作的作文是一致的。對于獨立寫作我們對開頭段的要求是什么呢?那就是一個簡短的drawer加上一個清晰的main point。同時如果時間不允許,那么開頭直接說觀點也是可以的,這篇文章呢,就是開門見山的說出了觀點:perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemblea group of people into a team。而后面的一句話是過渡句,是預告下文的。也就是說,我將在團隊工作的優勢方面來支持我的主觀點。我們在獨立寫作的時候,也可以把sub point整理之后提前到開頭段,因為開頭段存在的目的是:what I will talk about。
-Sub point 1: 簡單的main point找到之后,大家就在第一個sub point上面折戟了,華麗麗地選擇了開頭句。是呀,我們都說TS前置的呀!!!但是這是考題呀,就是考我們怎么抽出觀點的。同時,經過這個也可以看出來,不把TS前置是多么討厭的事情呀。我們寫文章一個要不能用廢話去煩考官,另一個是不能去考考官,因為我們是弱勢群體。那么,這個sub point是怎么找出來的呢?顯然不是憑感覺的。我們先厘清一下一個概念,就是一段里面sub point和下面的support內容是什么關系呢?唉,是解釋的關系。Support是解釋sub point的,是支持sub point的。因此,所有表原因的部分,都不會是point,而會是support和details。因此“becauseof the numbers of people involved and the greater resourcesthey possess”這句就華麗麗的不會是觀點。而跟著它的那個主句,這很有可能是觀點,但目前還不能這么草率的確定。我們沿著這個句子往前看,有個詞是“also”。這個詞,直譯過來就是“也”。如果這樣一句話:“ , 我也沒吃飯,所以我們要一起去吃飯”,那么橫線上的內容一定是“我也沒吃飯”相平行的,要么張三,要么李四,共同組成“我們去吃飯”的原因。所以also之前的內容也是原因,而不是結果,那么就不會是觀點。好了,先說到這里,接著說第二個sub point,然后回過頭來這這一段結尾的那個句子。
-Sub point 2: 這個TS就好找多了,開頭第一句嘛。但是這樣就可以了嗎?顯然不行,我們這樣的判斷方法是沒有普適性的,下一次不放在第一句怎么辦?好吧,我們找一個很偉大的詞:because。這是一個原因狀語從句,在主從復合句中,如果從句放在后半部分,那么就不需要用逗號隔開,這就讓我們這個because不那么明顯,但是,如果我們每次看綜合寫作的時候都先把because念一遍,就找到了。緊接著的這句就更和諧了,“This is because”開頭了。那么這句也是表原因啦。里面有個詞,thus可能會給大家帶來一些困擾:這不是因此嗎?這不是于是嗎?但是在thus前面還有一個神一樣的詞,是and,好吧,這and表示的時候前后的東東是并列的,所以能,前后都是表原因的。這個thus的存在表示后面這個原因,其實是and前面的這個原因衍生出來的,然后共同充當sub point的原因。好了,這一段就只剩下第一句話的主句了,就是creative solution了。這時候,我們再回過頭看第一段的最后一句,好像也提到了creative solution了,但同時也看到了and。And前后的東西是并列的,那么creative solution是一個sub point,則and前面的句子也是sub point的,驗證了我們前邊的推論。至于這里提到的creative solution是對下面的預告。我們總是就接用linking word是用fist好還是first and foremost好,但是很多時候,地道的表達會用句子來做linking。
-Sub point 3: 這段的觀點也是出現在了開頭,rewarding。好了,我們再也不要用感覺去判斷了。我們找到一個叫also的詞,它會告訴我們前后的兩句是同等地位的,鑒于每段之后一個point,那么這兩句都被排除了。那么除了第一句我們好像也沒有更好的選擇了。可能有的同學會找到because,然后認為because前面的那半句是point。但是,因為also的存在粉碎了這樣的觀點,同時我們要知道,在使用推理論證的過程中,因果是可以不止一層的,很可能是AàBàCàD的過程。我們不能because A,B 就誤認為B是point。其實獨立寫作和綜合寫作時互通的,在獨立寫作中學到的論證方法可以幫住我們閱讀,而閱讀中學到的表達方式和行文風格也可以借鑒到獨立寫作之中。
現在觀點找到了,我們開始簡單猜一猜聽力部分的分論點吧。這個嘛,不會太精確,但是可以給我們指出一個大概分方向。說閱讀部分有多重要,可能需要重新開一篇文章了,但是我們先記住它主要就好了。
三個sub point分別是:quickly, creative solution, rewarding。
那么反駁的時候,就是不quickly、不creative solution和不rewarding。第一個和第三個是沒有問題的,但是對于creative和solution的反駁卻有三個角度,一個是不creative,一個是不solution,一個是兩個都反駁。就這篇文章的聽力部分來說,是既反駁的creative,又反駁了solution。如果在聽力部分聽不到這個點,那就是一定會丟點的。很多學生都覺得自己聽懂了,覺得這個無論是語速還是詞匯都遠小于單獨的聽力部分測試。但是,這兩者之間是很有很大區別的,聽力測試是有題目和選項的,更多的是要求大家抓到主干即可,如果要考細節,那么就會有重聽。但是綜合寫作卻考的是精聽,要你聽到觀點和分論點之后,還有寫出support。有的學生說聽懂之后,我讓他來復述,都會漏掉很多的細節,因為聽的時候要么記筆記,要么記句子,這些都是不可取的。這部分應該和文章閱讀一起單獨跟大家說一說。下面我們來看這篇文章的聽力部分吧。
Now I want to tell you about what onecompany found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projectsto teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects andgetting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at howwell the teams performed.
現在我要給大家講講在一個公司考慮以團隊工作的形式進行項目時候的發現吧。這幾個項目是以團隊的形式負責和完成的。六個月之后,公司來驗收項目進行的如何。
On virtually every team, some members gotalmost a “free ride” . . . they didn’t contribute much at all, but if theirteam did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the teamgot. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided alot of insight on problems and issues? Well . . . the recognition for a jobwell done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it won’tsurprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they feltabout the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what thereading predicts.
實際上,在每個團隊都會有一些成員選擇“搭便車”。這些成員并沒有對團隊的工作有任何貢獻,但是如果整個團隊很好地完成了任務,他們也會從團隊所獲得的認可中獲利。那么對于那些在團隊中努力工作,為團隊所面臨的問題和正義提供很多簡介的人呢?沒有人知道他們的名字。當這些真正的貢獻者被問及團隊工作的感受是,他們的態度則是和閱讀部分所預計的相反的。你應該不會對這樣的態度感到意外的。
Anotherfinding was that some projects justdidn’t move very quickly. Why? Becauseit took so long to reach consensus; ittook many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about howthey would move the project along.
另一個發現就是,一些項目進行的速度不是很快。為什么呢?這是因為團隊需要很長的時間達成一致意見,他們需要開很多會才能在成員之間對于如何進行項目達成共識。
On the other hand, there were otherinstances where one or two people managed to become very influential over whattheir group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “That will never work”about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead ofbeing further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a coupleinfluencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.”And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that theproject was moving in directions that might not work, they were basicallyignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? Whenthe project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.
在另一方面,有些證據表明在團隊中會有一到兩個人會對整個團隊非常有影響力。有時候,當他們對團隊中正在運行的想法說了一句“這是行不通”的時候,這個想法就會在沒有進行深入談討論之前就被放棄了。同時,還會存在這樣一種情況:這些有影響力的人篤定他們相處的方法是“非常有創造性的”。這時候,即便有些成員會試圖提醒其他成員項目現在正在沿著一個錯誤的方向進行,甚至有可能失敗的。但是他們的聲音會被其他的成員所忽略。你能猜到這個故事的結局嗎?結局就是,當這個項目失敗的時候,責備會被所有團隊成員一同承擔。
托福綜合寫作聽力觀點抽出方法:
聽力部分的觀點順序不一定跟閱讀部分是完全一致的,這一點還是比較常見的。在篇文章里,聽力部分的第二段,反駁的就是rewarding這個點,第三段反駁的是quickly,而第四段則分別反駁了creative和solution。先說好的idea可能不經深入討論就drop了,這樣creative就無從實現了,接著說在influential的影響下可能在錯誤的方向上進行,進而失敗,以駁斥了solution。
托福綜合寫作筆記:
需要注意的標志詞:
Another, on the other hand, because, andthen there was another occasion 在聽力部分,because后面的話可就變得重要了。
筆記上的重點詞:
記筆記是一定要的,因為考的是精聽,細節記不下來就會失分。但是不要記句子,而是記單詞。就這篇文章來講,你的筆記上需要出現以下詞:
-didn’t contribute, benefit, no names were named, opposite of readingprediction
-didn’t move very quickly, long to consensus, many meetings
-influential, never work – dropped, high creative – warn, direction notwork – ignore, fail, blame on all members.
在實際記筆記的過程中,你可以選擇自己特有的簡寫方法,那么你的筆記將會更加簡潔。聽的時候不要因為一個兩個詞的糾結影響大片信息的提取。
托福綜合寫作閱讀文章結構:
第一段:要表達的內容有:passage部分的主觀點,lecture 部分的主觀點,以及兩者之間的關系。
第二段:passage部分的sub point 1,lecture部分對應的sub point,lecture里面相對應的support和details。
第三段:passage部分的sub point 2,lecture部分對應的sub point,lecture里面相對應的support和details。
第四段:passage部分的sub point 3,lecture部分對應的sub point,lecture里面相對應的support和details。
TIP:沒有必要在文章中出現passage部分的support和details,或者說不能出現。
托福綜合寫作范文(僅供參考):
The lecturer talks about research conductedby a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that thetheory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate whencompared to what happened in reality.
First, some members got free rides. Thatis, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. Thisalso indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition theyshould have gotten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to“shine”. This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.
Second, groups were slow in progress. Thepassage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of thenumber of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speakertalks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decisionmaking. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures indecision making. This was another place where experience contradictedtheory.
Third, influential people might emerge andlead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going inthe right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in thewrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter thedecision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, withthe influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in itsthinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed. ratingannotation:
Once you can read past what seem to be theresults of poor typing, this Benchmark 5 does an excellent job of presentingthe points about the contribution and recognition of group members as well asabout speed of group decisions. The final paragraph contains one noticeableerror (“influent”), which is then used correctly two sentences later(“influential”). Overall, this is a successful response and scored within(though perhaps not at the top of) the 5 level.
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