培根散文隨筆集第45章：Of Building 論建筑 （中英對照）
培根散文隨筆集中英對照，通過閱讀文學名著學語言，是掌握英語的絕佳方法。既可接觸原汁原味的英語，又能享受文學之美，一舉兩得，何樂不為？
對于喜歡閱讀名著的讀者，這是一個最好的時代，因為有成千上萬的書可以選擇；這又是一個不好的時代，因為在浩繁的卷帙中，很難找到適合自己的好書。而培根的散文隨筆，濃縮的不僅僅是文學，還是智慧。相信對閱讀和寫作都有很好的幫助。
Of Building 培根論建筑
HOUSES are built to live in, and not to look on; therefore let use be preferred before uniformity, except where both may be had. Leave the goodly fabrics of houses, for beauty only, to the enchanted palaces of the poets; who build them with small cost.
造房子是為了讓人居住，而不是供人觀賞。所以，當美觀和實用不能兼顧時，就應該如果先滿足實用。如果單純地追求美觀，那么，建筑只能留給詩人海市蜃樓，因為，詩人們建造這些幻覺中的房屋是不需要花錢的。
He that builds a fair house, upon an ill seat, committeth himself to prison. Neither do I reckon it an ill seat, only where the air is unwholesome; but likewise where the air is unequal; as you shall see many fine seats set upon a knap of ground, environed with higher hills round about it; whereby the heat of the sun is pent in, and the wind gathereth as in troughs; so as you shall have, and that suddenly, as great diversity of heat and cold as if you dwelt in several places.
把一幢漂亮的房子建在一個不佳的地點，有如替自己蓋了一座監獄。我所謂的地點不佳，不僅僅是指空氣不好，也包括氣溫的不穩定。經常可以看到，有些漂亮的別墅建在一個小山丘上，四周群山環繞，結果，不但太陽的熱量被關閉了進去，而且空氣也不流通，好像悶在槽子里一樣。所以，住在這里的人，必須忍受冷熱的突然交替，其溫差之大往往使人感到一天之內經歷了四季。
Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets; and, if you will consult with Momus, ill neighbors. I speak not of many more; want of water; want of wood, shade, and shelter; want of fruitfulness, and mixture of grounds of several natures; want of prospect; want of level grounds; want of places at some near distance for sports of hunting, hawking, and races; too near the sea, too remote; having the commodity of navigable rivers, or the discommodity of their overflowing; too far off from great cities, which may hinder business, or too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear; where a man hath a great living laid together, and where he is scanted: all which, as it is impossible perhaps to find together, so it is good to know them, and think of them, that a man may take as many as he can; and if he have several dwellings, that he sort them so that what he wanteth in the one, he may find in the other. Lucullus answered Pompey well; who, when he saw his stately galleries, and rooms so large and lightsome, in one of his houses, said, Surely an excellent place for summer, but how do you in winter? Lucullus answered, Why, do you not think me as wise as some fowl are, that ever change their abode towards the winter?
所謂的環境差，不僅是指空氣差，還包括交通差和商場欠佳；，他會告訴你，不良的缺林木鄰居也是一個缺陷。還有一些事我不想多說，如果你請教一下莫摩斯如缺水、、缺果園、缺風景；缺可供打獵、放鷹、跑馬的場地；離海過近或過遠；缺少可通航的河流，或者備受河水泛濫的禍害；離大城市過遠，做事不便；或離大城市過近，日常的開支太高；等等。所有的這些缺陷，或許不會全在一起，但在動工之前去予以認真考慮，然后擇善而從是不會錯。而且，如果擁有好幾處住房，就可以在使用時搭配一下，使一處的缺陷能在下一處得到彌補。據說，有一次龐培拜訪盧庫拉斯，見他去的住宅廊柱高大，房間寬敞，就說：“這真是個消夏的好地方，但是你冬天怎么辦呢？’’路庫拉斯答道：”啊，莫非你認為我還不如鳥嗎？它們到了冬天也知道要挪窩呢！”
To pass from the seat, to the house itself; we will do as Cicero doth in the orator’s art; who writes books De Oratore, and a book he entitles Orator; whereof the former, delivers the precepts of the art, and the latter, the perfection. We will therefore describe a princely palace, making a brief model thereof. For it is strange to see, now in Europe, such huge buildings as the Vatican and Escurial and some others be, and yet scarce a very fair room in them.
西塞羅在論述演說家的藝術時，先寫了幾本題為《論演說者》的書，講述演說家的原理；又寫了一本名曰《演說家》的書，記敘了一些實例。鑒此，我們在談論建筑時，也可以借助西塞羅的方法。所以，我將描述一座宮殿，以它為一個簡要的模型。因為，令人費解的是，在今日的歐洲，雖不乏梵蒂岡和西班牙王宮那樣雄偉的建筑，卻很難找到一處優雅的房間.
First, therefore, I say you cannot have a perfect palace except you have two several sides; a side for the banquet, as it is spoken of in the book of Hester, and a side for the household; the one for feasts and triumphs, and the other for dwelling. I understand both these sides to be not only returns, but parts of the front; and to be uniform without, though severally partitioned within; and to be on both sides of a great and stately tower, in the midst of the front, that, as it were, joineth them together on either hand. I would have on the side of the banquet, in front, one only goodly room above stairs, of some forty foot high; and under it a room for a dressing, or preparing place, at times of triumphs. On the other side, which is the household side, I wish it divided at the first, into a hall and a chapel (with a partition between); both of good state and bigness; and those not to go all the length, but to have at the further end, a winter and a summer parlor, both fair. And under these rooms, a fair and large cellar, sunk under ground; and likewise some privy kitchens, with butteries and pantries, and the like.
在宴客的樓上,其正面可以留出其正面可以留出一間華麗的房間,約40英尺高,用于舉行大規模的慶典或豪華的宴會.相應地,在樓下要設一間更衣室,用以慶典時做預備工作;在另一側,即住家的一側,首先應該隔出一間大廳和一間祈禱室.二者必須莊重且寬敞.此外,在樓的盡頭可以留出兩間小一些的客廳,一間用于夏天,另一間用于冬天,而且都要美觀.在樓下,要有一個整齊寬大的地窖,同樣,還要有一些小廚房、儲藏室、餐具室，等等。
As for the tower, I would have it two stories, of eighteen foot high apiece, above the two wings; and a goodly leads upon the top,railed with statuas interposed; and the same tower to be divided into rooms, as shall be thought fit. The stairs likewise to the upper rooms, let them be upon a fair open newel, and finely railed in, with images of wood, cast into a brass color; and a very fair landing-place at the top. But this to be, if you do not point any of the lower rooms, for a dining place of servants. For otherwise, you shall have the servants’ dinner after your own: for the steam of it, will come up as in a tunnel. And so much for the front. Only I understand the height of the first stairs to be sixteen foot, which is the height of the lower room.
至于居中的那座塔樓，我認為應該比兩翼高出兩層，且每一層的高度不應低于18英尺。在塔樓的樓頂上可以鋪上鉛板，四周用帶有雕像的欄桿環繞。通往樓上的旋梯應該繞在一根漂亮且外露的圓柱上，欄桿可用染成黃銅色的木雕雅致地圍繞起來，旋梯的頂部應有一個漂亮的平臺。但是，你不能把樓下的任何房間用作仆人的餐廳。因為，仆人們往往在你用過膳之后才去吃飯，而他們吃飯的那股煙味會像從煙囪里升起來一般。有關宮殿正面的建筑就講這么多，不過我認為，第一層樓體的高度應該是16英尺。也就是樓下房間的高度。
Beyond this front, is there to be a fair court, but three sides of it, of a far lower building than the front. And in all the four corners of that court, fair staircases, cast into turrets, on the outside, and not within the row of buildings themselves. But those towers, are not to be of the height of the front, but rather proportionable to the lower building. Let the court not be paved, for that striketh up a great heat in summer, and much cold in winter. But only some side alleys, with a cross, and the quarters to graze, being kept shorn, but not too near shorn. The row of return on the banquet side, let it be all stately galleries: in which galleries let there be three, or five, fine cupolas in the length of it, placed at equal distance; and fine colored windows of several works. On the household side, chambers of presence and ordinary entertainments, with some bed-chambers; and let all three sides be a double house, without thorough lights on the sides, that you may have rooms from the sun, both for forenoon and afternoon. Cast it also, that you may have rooms, both for summer and winter; shady for summer, and warm for winter. You shall have sometimes fair houses so full of glass, that one cannot tell where to become, to be out of the sun or cold. For inbowed windows, I hold them of good use (in cities, indeed, upright do better, in respect of the uniformity towards the street); for they be pretty retiring places for conference; and besides, they keep both the wind and sun off; for that which would strike almost through the room, doth scarce pass the window. But let them be but few, four in the court, on the sides only.
穿過此樓的正堂往前走，需要看到一個優美的庭院。不過，在庭院的三面，應該有低矮的建筑環繞，四周要有精致的樓梯，并且安置在角樓里。院子里不用鋪磚，否則冬天就會太冷，夏天則會太熱。唯有四周的人行小徑和中間的交叉路才可以鋪太短。 在宴客的一側，靠背面的一排廂房，都應該是豪華的陳列室，某中當有三五個距離相等、一字排開的漂亮穹頂，并且要配有圖案精美的彩色玻璃窗。在住家的一側，應有接待室、娛樂室，以及若干間臥室。此外，三面的房子都要是兩進的，以免整間屋子都被日曬，這樣，只要在房子的，無論上午還是下午，你都可以找到避開陽光的房間。有時你會看到，有些漂亮的房子滿是玻璃窗，結果人都不知道該往哪走，才可以避開日曬或寒冷。我覺得凸顯的窗戶很有用，因為他們不但是供人交談的幽靜處，而且能夠遮陽、擋風。不過這種窗戶的數量不宜過多，只要在房子的兩側各修建兩個就足夠了。
Beyond this court, let there be an inward court, of the same square and height; which is to be environed with the garden on all sides; and in the inside, cloistered on all sides, upon decent and beautiful arches, as high as the first story. On the under story, towards the garden, let it be turned to a grotto, or a place of shade, or estivation. And only have opening and windows towards the garden; and be level upon the floor, no whit sunken under ground, to avoid all dampishness. And let there be a fountain, or some fair work of statuas, in the midst of this court; and to be paved as the other court was. These buildings to be for privy lodgings on both sides; and the end for privy galleries. Whereof you must foresee that one of them be for an infirmary, if the prince or any special person should be sick, with chambers, bed-chamber, antecamera, and recamera joining to it. This upon the second story. Upon the ground story, a fair gallery, open, upon pillars; and upon the third story likewise, an open gallery, upon pillars, to take the prospect and freshness of the garden. At both corners of the further side, by way of return, let there be two delicate or rich cabinets, daintily paved, richly hanged, glazed with crystalline glass, and a rich cupola in the midst; and all other elegancy that may be thought upon. In the upper gallery too, I wish that there may be, if the place will yield it, some fountains running in divers places from the wall, with some fine avoidances. And thus much for the model of the palace; save that you must have, before you come to the front, three courts. A green court plain, with a wall about it; a second court of the same, but more garnished, with little turrets, or rather embellishments, upon the wall; and a third court, to make a square with the front, but not to be built, nor yet enclosed with a naked wall, but enclosed with terraces, leaded aloft, and fairly garnished, on the three sides; and cloistered on the inside, with pillars, and not with arches below. As for offices, let stand at distance, with some low galleries, to pass from them to the palace itself.
過了外院，還要有內院，其規模應與外院相同。內院的四周有要建花園，院門可以設計成拱形，與回廊相連。回廊分上下兩層，下層面朝花園的一側，可以修筑一些洞穴似的房間，以供納涼避暑之用。但會有潮濕之氣，不利于人的健康。內院中央還要有一座噴泉或是雕像。兩邊是自備的房間和畫廊，其中有一些可以用于療養。房間的內部，要盡可能布置得精致講究，比如在地上鋪一些精美的花磚，墻上掛滿華貴的飾品，窗上鑲嵌晶亮的玻璃，中間再添加一個富麗的穹頂，以及一切想像得到的優美飾品。
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