雅思寫作的7分標準

　　(a). task response:

　　• addresses all parts of the task

　　• presents a clear position throughout the reponse

　　• presents, extend and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus.

　　用中文最簡單的理解是：首尾都要回答問題，允許泛泛而談。這就是說，我們沒必要花太多的精力去考慮觀點是否絕對嚴謹是否意義深刻，關鍵是要告訴考官你的思考邏輯。這就是劍橋雅思的魅力，它要考你的不是你的思維能力，而是你的語言表達能力。哪怕在ridiculous的觀點，只要你能用最恰當的語言去表達，你也可以同樣得7分(當然，如果你的目標是8分，你就當我癡人說話吧)。還有就是說，很多題目本身包含很廣泛的概念，很多大學教授用十幾萬字都解釋不清的關系，怎么就能讓我們這些門外漢用三言兩語就解釋好呢。說了這么多，我想說的是，如果你從一開始就習慣背誦滿分作文，習慣復制別人的觀點，這樣的復習方法會很吃力(我不敢說是錯的，那是確實低效，甚至有賭博成分)，事倍功半。畢竟我們都是正常人，我們都有自己的思考能力和理解能力，我們說的每一個觀點都是make sense，不make sense的是我們沒把那個觀點說清楚。

　　(b). coherence and cohesion

　　• logically organises information and ideas, there is clear progression throughout

　　• lises a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-or over use

　　• presents a clear topic within each paragragh

　　用中文最簡單的意思是：分段分點，每點之前必須有連接詞。這一點非常非常容易達到(我總結了大量這樣的詞匯，明天或者后天上傳上來)。然后那個考官最為推介的范式(以argumentation的題目為例，因為report類的文章更死板了)：開頭段+主體段(讓步一段，支持(反對)兩段)+結尾段。其實說白了，就是我們最熟悉不過的模版。 也就是說，模版是非常有用的，之所以變成沒用(serve no helpful purpose)是因為用模范的那個人沒有用(想起粵語里面的一句歇后語，叫“太監撒尿”)。至于怎么用模版才能變得不落于俗套，下文回答問題7的時候會有詳細分析。

　　(c). lexcial resource

　　• uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision

　　• uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation

　　• may produce occasional erros in word choice, spelling and/or word formation

　　用中文最簡單的意思是：足夠就好，不需要多;一兩個大詞就夠，不需要濫。一說到單詞，相信我們并不陌生，甚至認為學英語就是背單詞，寫作就是單詞的選美與堆砌。盡管我們都知道這是不對的，但是依舊默默地堅持著，比如說背誦一大堆同義詞代換，一大堆除了莎士比亞見過之外其他人都沒見過的大詞。這樣的復習會很累而且會逐漸把雅思寫作從邏輯表述變成詞匯大雜燴。至于何謂是足夠的單詞，何謂是less common lexical items，這就是問題6的范疇了。經過我寫了大概30篇雅思作文，我覺得我們需要的詞匯其實真的不多(我的詞匯表一定會upload上來，估計在明天或者后天)。我想說的是，記單詞最好的方法是，把單詞放到句型或者例句上面來，然后句型或者例句一定要與雅思寫作topic 相關。如果不相關，證明那個詞就算記住了，也不會用。

　　(d). Grammatical range and accuracy

　　• uses a variety of complex structures

　　• produces frequent error-free sentences

　　• has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few mistake

　　用中文最簡單的意思是：句子結構多樣性和允許語法錯誤的存在。對于句子結構多樣性，這一點，我覺得我們中國學生肯定沒問題的，什么定語從句，什么名詞性從句，什么狀語從句，倒裝句，虛擬語態，被動語態等，我們只會過猶不及。從我的個人經驗來看，我有時候會把定語從句和同位語從句搞亂(并不是我們不知道有什么不同，而是一緊張就很容易忽視了)。說到語法錯誤，我可以說，我們中國學生最最最常犯的語法錯誤都是非常低級(請參考part.4內容)。

　　Part 3. 雅思寫作7分所需要的詞匯

　　(a). 雅思寫作必備連詞--只要掌握了這些連詞，就能符合到coherence and cohesion 7分以上的要求

　　以下為英語寫作(雅思寫作，學術論文等)必備的連詞匯總。以下的內容參考了悉尼大學本科學生orientation handbook里面關于如何preparing for essays的總結，再加上本人的積累。有些連詞與下面的句型匯總重合，請以句型匯總為重點。對于應該雅思寫作和大學學術論文絕對綽綽有余，希望能幫助大家。

　　為了更好地分享我的經驗，我將以下的詞語劃分成三組

　　• 用下劃線highlight的是適用那些總感覺雅思寫作寫不長、寫不滿250字、需要灌水的同學

　　• 用粗體highlight的是適用于那些每次都寫得太長、寫爆格，務實的同學

　　• 用斜體highlight的是適用于那些有強烈大詞欲，渴望用大詞整死考官的同學

　　• To signal sequence or addition

　　Accordingly, actually, additionally, afterwards, again, also, and, another, as was previously stated, as well as, at the same time, besides this, consistent with this, correspondingly, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, in a like manner, in the first place, in the same way, including, initially, last, likewise, more importantly, moreover, next, originally, overall, primarily, similarly, to begin with, too, what is more.

　　• To signal time

　　After, afterward, as long as, at first, at last, at length, at the same time, before, concurrently, currently, during, finally, following, immediately, in the future, in the meantime, last but not least, later, meanwhile, next, once, presently, rarely, simultaneously, sometimes, subsequently, then, this time, until, until then, whenever, while.

　　• To show results

　　Accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in other words, in that case, it follows that, it is evident that, otherwise, owing to, resulting from this, so it can be seen that, that being the case, therefore this implies, this suggests that, thus, under these circumstances.

　　• To introduce evidence/support/reasons

　　Contradictory to this, contrarily, in support of this, it follows, this is clear because, the evidence for???is, the reasons for???are, this is supported by, to affirm this, to attest to this, to corroborate, to explain, to further confirm, to further verify, to list, to substantiate this, in substantiation.

　　• To signal repetition, summary, or conclusion

　　Accordingly, all in all, all together, as a final point, as a result, as I have noted, as indicated earlier, as mentioned, as previously stated, as we have seen, briefly, by and large, consequently, finally, given these facts, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, to sum up, in summation, on the whole, overall, since, so, summing up, then, therefore, thus, thus we can see that, to conclude, to recapitulate, to repeat, to review.

　　• To introduce causes or effects

　　Accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, due to, for as much as, for that reason, hence, in as much as, in that, in view of, on account of, owing, since, then, therefore, thus, to narrow the focus, after all, from this perspective, from this point of view, given this context, in fact, in order to, in other words, in particular, in this case, in this context, indeed, particularly, put another way, specifically, that is, this is particularly true when, under certain, circumstances, up to a point, with this in mind.

　　• To contrast,

　　After all, although, alternately, and yet, at the same time, be that as it may, bu, contrastingly, conversely, despite, dissimilarly, even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in contrast to this, in opposition to this, in reality, in spite of this, inconsistent with this is that, instead, meanwhile, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, paradoxically, rather than, regardless of, still, though, whereas, when in fact, yet.

　　• To compare

　　Also, analogous to, another similar issue is, at the same time, by the same token, equally, in comparison, in like manner, in similar fashion, in the same way, likewise, similarly.

　　• To clarify

　　In other words, that is, that is to say, this means that, to clarify, to elaborate, to explain, to paraphrase, to put it another way.

　　• To show purpose

　　In order to, in the hope that, for the purpose, with this end, to the end that, with this objective

　　• To dismiss

　　All the same, at any rate, either way, in any event, in either case, whatever happens.

　　• To signal concession

　　Admittedly, albeit, although it is true that certainly, even so, granted, it may appear that, knowing this, naturally, of course, this is only the case when, while this is true, while it may seem that.

　　• To signify a condition

　　Granting that, in the event of, on the condition that, providing that, so long as

　　• To prove examples

　　As an illustration, by way of example, for example, for instance, in particular, in support of this, notably, to demonstrate, to elaborate, to exemplify, to highlight, to illustrate, specifically, that is.

　　• To reference

　　Concerning this, considering this, with respect to, with regards to

　　• To emphasise

　　Above all, as a matter of fact, certainly, chiefly, especially, importantly, in any case, in particular, indeed, it must be emphasised, that, mainly, mostly, notably, obviously, of course, particularly, primarily, specifically, truly, undoubtedly.

　　(b). 雅思寫作必備同義詞代換--只要掌握了這些連詞，就能游刃有余地駕馭我們想要表達的觀點，滿足lexcial resource 7分要求

　　對于雅思寫作，總有那么一個問題繞不開，那就是我們究竟需要積累多少個單詞才能寫出一篇能夠完整表達我們觀點的文章。有的老師說最起碼要有6級的詞匯量，有的老師(慎小嶷)說熟記286個單詞就足夠~~根據本人的經驗，我覺得在一開始備考的時候，完全沒有必要去考慮我們究竟需要多少個單詞，因為在沒有練筆就開始記單詞的情況，我們的思路往往受我們所記過的單詞的影響。在這樣的慣性下，我們很可能很生硬地套用單詞，而不是自然而然地抒發觀點。我覺得只有在自己平時充分練筆(我自己大概寫了30多篇雅思作文)的前提下，我們才知道我們自己究竟需要什么樣的單詞和詞組，需要多少的同義詞代換~~我的經驗是：不要讓單詞成為自己的負擔，最好是邊寫邊積累，畢竟我們不是考GRE。哪怕是GRE詞匯的巨人也可能成為雅思寫作的侏儒~~關鍵是用詞準確到位，清晰表達觀點

　　以下是經過我30篇雅思寫作練筆之后總結出來的75組必備的同義詞代換，如果能熟練掌握，必定能讓你們在駕馭和闡述觀點的時候變得游刃有余~~其實不單單是為了雅思寫作，出國留學不能避免的就是每個學期排山倒海的individual assignments和group works，相信以下的詞匯對大家是有幫助的。

　　中性動詞

　　1. 導致：v. cause, bring about, give rise to, lead to, generate, create, Be a contributing factor to

　　2. 認為：v. point out, argue, claim, assert, think, consider

　　3. 強調：v. emphasize, bring/call attention to, accentuate, heighten, strengthen

　　4. 集中：v. focus on, concentrate on

　　5. 解決：v. combat, address, tackle, resolve, solve

　　6. 從事：v. carry out, conduct, perform

　　7. 承認：v. concede, admit, acknowledge, accept, allow, grant

　　正向動詞

　　1. 支持：v. support, advocate, agree with

　　2. 增加：v. increase, grow, rise, enlarge

　　n. increase, growth, rise, enlargement

　　3. 改善：v. improve, enhance, upgrade, boost

　　n. improvement, enhancement, boom

　　4. 擴張：v. expand, enlarge, extend, widen, broaden

　　n. expansion, enlargement, extension

　　5. 提高：v. augment, increase, develop, intensify

　　n. augment, increase, development

　　6. 發展：v. develop, advance, grow, evolve, flourish

　　n. development, advancement, growth, flourishing

　　7. 產生：v. develop, come into being/existence, come about

　　8. 獲得：v. acquire, gain, get, obtain, attain

　　9. 執行：v. implement, execute, put into effect, perform

　　n. implementation, performance

　　10. 實現：v. achieve, fulfill, gain, accomplish, attain

　　n. achievement, accomplishment, attainment

　　11. 開始：v. commence, begin, start

　　n. commencement, beginning, start

　　12. 促進：v. promote, further, advance, encourage, stimulate, foster

　　n. promotion, advancement

　　13. 鼓勵：v. stimulate, encourage, act as stimulus, motivate

　　n. encouragement, incentive, motivation

　　14. 喚起：v. arouse, cause, induce, prompt, trigger, spark off

　　15. 需要：v. call for, demand, require

　　16. 取代：v. replace, take the place of, substitute for

　　n. replacement, substitution for, in place of

　　17. 加快：v. accelerate, speed up, quicken

　　n. Acceleration, speeding up

　　18. 減輕：v. abate, lessen, reduce, alleviate, mitigate

　　n. abatement, lessening, alleviation, mitigation

　　19. 保護：v. protect, preserve, conserve

　　n. protection, preservation, conservation

　　20. 保衛：v. safeguard, defend, shield

　　n. safeguard, defence, shelter

　　21. 建立：v. establish, set up, found, construct

　　n. establishment, foundation, construction

　　22. 遵守(規則，法律)：abide by, comply with, follow, respect, act in accordance with

　　23. 允許：v. allow, permit, give the means to, facilitate

　　負向動詞

　　1. 反對：v. object, raise objections, oppose

　　2. 減少：v. decrease, lower, reduce, cut down

　　n. decrease, reduction, drop, decline

　　3. 耗盡：v. deplete, exhaust, use up

　　n. depletion, exhaustion, using up,

　　4. 阻礙：v. hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, inhibit

　　n. hindrance, obstruction, obstacle, impediment

　　5. 限制：v. limit, curb, restrict, place a limit on

　　n. limit, restriction

　　6. 危及：v. endanger, imperil, jeopardize, put at risk

　　7. 衰敗：v. deteriorate, degrade, degenerate, rot

　　n. deterioration, degeneration

　　8. 惡化：v. exacerbate, aggravate, worsen, inflame

　　n. exacerbation, aggravation, worsening

　　9. 加劇：v. intensify, escalate, sharpen, aggravate

　　n. escalation, intensification, aggravation

　　10. 破壞：v. damage, destroy, ruin, devastate

　　n. damage, destruction, ruin, devastation

　　adj. devastating, destructive

　　11. 污染：v. pollute, contaminate

　　n. pollution, contamination

　　12. 敗壞：v. pervert, corrupt, deprave, lead astray, debase

　　13. 扭曲：v. distort, pervert, misrepresent, falsify, misstate, misreport

　　14. 削弱：v. weaken, undermine, impair, invalidate

　　15. 干涉：v. interfere in/with, intervene in, impinge on/upon(侵犯)

　　n. interference/intervention/involvement in/with

　　16. 侵犯：v. encroach on/upon (time/rights/personal life)

　　n. encroachment on/upon = impinging on/upon

　　17. 與???相違背/相矛盾：run counter to = run contrary to

　　Contradict (each other)= conflict with = be at odds with sth

　　18. 誤解：v. misunderstand, misapprehend, misinterpret

　　n. misunderstanding, misapprehension, misinterpretation

　　19. 逃避：v. escape, break out, evade, elude

　　20. 遭受：v. suffer from, be stricken with, be afflicted with

　　21. 違反：v. violate, disobey, transgress, infringe

　　n. violation, infringement, contravention, breach

　　22. 忽視：v. lose sight of, ignore, neglect

　　23. 疏遠：v. alienate, isolate, become/get estranged from

　　n. alienation, isolation, estrangement

　　其他重要的同義詞代換

　　1. 大量的：enormous, massive, tremendous, considerable

　　2. 重要的：significant, substantial, crucial, important

　　3. 嚴重的：adj. severe, serious, acute, drastic

　　adv. severely, seriously, acutely, drastically

　　4. 有害的：adj. hazardous, dangerous, harmful

　　5. 貧窮的：adj. poor, poverty-stricken, destitute, impoverished

　　6. 富有的：adj. rich, wealthy, affluent

　　7. 差距：n. gap, disparity, divergence

　　8. 積極的：beneficial, advantageous

　　9. 消極的：baneful, detrimental

　　10. 明顯的：manifest, obvious, evident, apparent

　　11. 影響：impact, repercussion, effect, ramification

　　12. 人類：the human race, human being, humankind, humanity

　　13. 當代：in current society, in this day and age, in present-day society, in contemporary society

　　14. 傳統的：traditional, conventional, old-fashioned

　　15. 健康的：healthy, vigorous, robust

　　16. 有營養的：nutritious, nourishing, wholesome, healthy

　　常用的正向形容詞

　　Adequate/ basic/ broad/ general/ sufficient 充分的/ 基本的/ 寬泛的/ 大概的/ 足夠的

　　Penetrating/ profound/ revealing/ remarkable/ proper/ thorough

　　入木三分的/ 深刻的/ 發人心省的/ 出色的/ 正確的/ 徹底的

　　Original/ unique/ fresh/ rare/ clear/ fascinating/ interesting

　　獨到的/ 獨特的/ 新鮮的/ 少有的/ 清楚的/ 生動的/ 有趣的

　　Significant/ substantial/ considerable

　　常用的負向形容詞

　　Unethical/ immoral/ unscrupulous/ unprincipled 不道德的

　　Antisocial/ unacceptable/ undesirable 反社會的/ 不能接受的/ 令人不快的

　　Aggressive/ criminal/ disruptive/ violent 挑釁的/ 犯罪的/ 擾亂的/ 暴力的

　　Notorious/ appalling/ vicious/ bloody 臭名昭著的/ 令人震驚的/ 令人發指的/ 血腥的

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