考研優(yōu)美英語(yǔ)作文背誦035

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OilRefining

　　An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War.Crude oil, or petroleum -- a dark, thick ooze from the earth -- had beenknown for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the1850's Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, begancollecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene.Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a rawmaterial.
　　Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becomingharder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began tosearch for new supplies of petroleum.The first oil well was drilled by E. L.Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drillingin Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical andfoolish that onlookers called it "Drake's Folly". But when he had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters), Drake struck oil.His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
　　News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors tothe scene. By the early 1860's these wildcatters were drilling for"black gold" all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled theCalifornia gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and WildWest atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectorsthan any gold rush.Crude oil could be refined into many products. For someyears kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocerystores and door-to-door. In the 1880's refiners learned how to make other petroleumproducts such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then usedto make gasoline or heating oil.
　　全文翻譯：煉油
　　一種重要的新興工業(yè)--煉油業(yè)在國(guó)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)。未加工的石油，或原油--一種深色的地下的稠漿--數(shù)百年來(lái)一直為大眾所知，但是人們卻很少使用過(guò)它。在十九世紀(jì)五十年代，薩繆爾·M·科爾，賓西法尼亞西部的一位制造商，開(kāi)始從當(dāng)?shù)氐囊绯鑫镏惺占筒⑺鼰挸擅河汀Ｅc冶煉礦石一樣，石油提煉是一個(gè)從未加工的原料中除去雜質(zhì)的過(guò)程。煤油被用來(lái)點(diǎn)燈。
　　它是鯨油的一種便宜的替代品，而鯨油正變得越來(lái)越難以獲得。不久就產(chǎn)生了對(duì)煤油的大量需求。人們開(kāi)始尋找新的石油供應(yīng)。第一口油井為 E·L·瑞克，一個(gè)退休的火車檢票員所鉆得。1859年他開(kāi)始在賓西法尼亞的泰特斯維爾鉆井。整個(gè)的這項(xiàng)冒險(xiǎn)事業(yè)看起來(lái)是如此不現(xiàn)實(shí)和愚蠢以致旁觀者稱之為"鴨子的蠢行"。(譯者注：Drake'sFolly, drake 在這里意含雙關(guān)，即指瑞克的名字，又指該詞的本義即鴨子。)但當(dāng)瑞克往下鉆至 70 英尺(21 米)的時(shí)候，他發(fā)現(xiàn)了石油。他的油井從此每天生產(chǎn)20 桶原油。瑞克成功的消息將石油勘探者們吸引到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。截止到 19 世紀(jì) 60 年代早期，這些冒險(xiǎn)者為尋找"黑色的金子"鉆探遍了整個(gè)賓西法尼亞西部。這項(xiàng)繁榮的事業(yè)在刺激性和粗獷的西部氣氛上可與1848 年的加州淘金熱相媲美，而且它為勘探者帶來(lái)了遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)淘金潮的財(cái)富。原油能被提煉成許多產(chǎn)品。多年以來(lái)煤油一直是主要的一種產(chǎn)品。
它在雜貨店中出售由人挨戶推銷。19 世紀(jì)八十九十年代煉油者們懂得了生產(chǎn)其它石油產(chǎn)品，如蠟和潤(rùn)滑油。那時(shí)石油還沒(méi)有被用來(lái)制造汽油或采暖裝置用油。

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