在托福寫作的備考過程中，很多人不愿在托福的審題中花費(fèi)太多時(shí)間。其實(shí)，這也是對(duì)托福寫作備考的一大誤區(qū)，在托福備考的過程中，只有精準(zhǔn)的審題和明確的布局才能讓自己的文章更加貼切主題。

一、審題的“精確性”

根據(jù)專家對(duì)于過去2年獨(dú)立寫作考題的分析，發(fā)現(xiàn)有90%以上的題目屬于“支持/反對(duì)”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的則是由“對(duì)比論述型”構(gòu)成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在審題時(shí)，考生必須首先把題目通讀1-3遍，徹底把握題目主旨后，方可進(jìn)行段落布局。在這里，筆者結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)給考生們一些建議：首先，判斷題目是否包含“絕對(duì)”含義的詞，若有，則按照上篇講過的建議布局，若沒有，則對(duì)于同意或者反對(duì)的理由進(jìn)行快速的brain storming, 然后根據(jù)分論點(diǎn)的數(shù)量及論點(diǎn)的可延展性來敲定立場(chǎng)：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

經(jīng)過一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分論點(diǎn)及想法，這時(shí)候，主體段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一種就是完全反對(duì)題目的說法，采用五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，每個(gè)主體段論證上述三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)中的一個(gè);第二種也是反對(duì)題目的說法，采用五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，但是前2個(gè)主體段從三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)中選二個(gè)去論證，而第三個(gè)主體段從“同意”的二個(gè)分論點(diǎn)里去選一個(gè)，最后的結(jié)論還是傾向于反對(duì)的。

第三種是采用四段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局，即第一個(gè)主體段從三個(gè)反對(duì)意見中選擇二到三個(gè)分論點(diǎn)去寫，而第二個(gè)主體段則從贊同的分論點(diǎn)里去選擇，數(shù)量上比前一段少一個(gè)即可，最后結(jié)論還是傾向于反對(duì)多一點(diǎn)。這樣說是不是有些同學(xué)看了會(huì)有點(diǎn)“暈”呢?那下面筆者就再舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又經(jīng)過了幾分鐘思考，我們得出了上述的四個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，但是一時(shí)半會(huì)贊同的理由實(shí)在是想不出。若考試的時(shí)候遇到這種情況，千萬別猶豫不決，馬上從已經(jīng)想好的觀點(diǎn)里面進(jìn)行挑選。于是，這個(gè)題目我們就采用完全反對(duì)的立場(chǎng)，以五段式結(jié)構(gòu)布局全文，主體段的分論點(diǎn)從上述四點(diǎn)中挑選三個(gè)展開論述即可。這樣一來，大家是不是明白一點(diǎn)了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they can't take responsibility

還有一種情況就是我們只能想出兩個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，這時(shí)候考生應(yīng)該果斷采用四段式布局，而這一次，兩個(gè)主體段都分別論述一個(gè)同意的理由，而在結(jié)尾時(shí)，可以順便提一些反對(duì)的理由，這樣也不失為一種靈活的方法，希望考生們可以借鑒。

二、分論點(diǎn)的排列原則

專家提醒考生們，在布局的時(shí)候我們不是隨意編排分論點(diǎn)的先后順序，而是需要有一定的邏輯性和合理性。一般說來，五段式的三個(gè)主體段，若都是同意或者都是反對(duì)的理由的話，一般這些分論點(diǎn)有兩種邏輯順序，即第一種按照“重要性”來排，將你認(rèn)為最主要的理由放在第一個(gè)主體段中詳細(xì)論證;第二種是按照“小到大”的原則，即個(gè)人方面的理由先寫，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社會(huì)，國(guó)家等。

倘若所有的論點(diǎn)都是在一個(gè)范圍內(nèi)的，比如都是屬于個(gè)人的論點(diǎn)，則這個(gè)時(shí)候要看這些分論點(diǎn)后續(xù)的論證內(nèi)容的多少，比如某一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)你既舉得出例子，又可以進(jìn)行對(duì)比或者因果論述的話那肯定應(yīng)該先寫這個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，若某一個(gè)分論點(diǎn)后續(xù)能夠闡述的理由只有一句話的時(shí)候那就應(yīng)該果斷地將其排在后面寫。若文章是四段式的結(jié)構(gòu)，則在一個(gè)主體段中的排列順序和前面講的原則是一致的。

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