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新聞面對的外部壓力

Many of these observed conditions for news can be explained as products of the way the news operation works, e.g. budgetary or staffing constraints, or the suitability of the story for a particular production format; others are the way news judgments are shaped by the cultural background of the journalist, the collective norms of the organization and management policy directives.

Journalists may also be influenced by external pressures from the government or establishment, manipulation by spin doctors, and, recently, a need to retain audience share in an increasingly fragmented and competitive market. Even the way audiences, journalists and pressure groups use language can determine how stories are written and interpreted, and the value they carry for both audience and news producer.

However, models of news evaluation based on these factors alone are incomplete; they explain how the news process works, not why it works. For instance, several factors leave questions unanswered:

1. Why is bad news stronger than good news?

2. Why is the unexpected newsworthy?

3. Why should scale influence an event?s newsworthiness?

言論自由和道德監督

The first amendment to the constitution guarantees the right of free speech and of the press. Unfortunately, some individuals have used this right to protect themselves from litigation when they produce material that is pornographic, hateful or when they use ethically questionable methods when reporting a story. The government has attempted to intervene through passing laws and imposing regulations. The problem with placing restrictions on free speech is that the question of who will decide what is appropriate and what is not, will inevitably be raised.

There are two positions when debating this issue: (1) protect free speech even though some people abuse it or (2) freedom of speech does not outweigh the need for ethical principles. Two

of the ethical dilemmas facing the media today are the conflicts of freedom of the press versus individual rights, and the right of the press to refuse to reveal their sources.

The media has often claimed that the public has a right to know, but they do not limit that right to know to a certain area of public concern. Reporters have written stories on the sexual lives of movie stars claiming public interest, but simply because the public is curious does not mean they have a right to know. Certainly, most people would not want their entire life story being printed as public knowledge and subject to ridicule.

語言作為媒體中的政治因素

Language may also be seen as a political factor in mass media, particularly in instances where a society is characterized by a large number of languages spoken by its populace. The choice of language of mass media may represent a bias towards the group most likely to speak that language, and can limit the public participation by those who do not speak the language. On the other hand, there have also been attempts to use a common-language mass media to reach out to a large, geographically dispersed population, such as in the use of Arabic language by news channel Al Jazeera.

Language may also be a more subtle form of bias. Use of a word with positive or negative connotations rather than a more neutral synonym can form a biased picture in the audience?s mind. It makes a difference whether the media calls a group “terrorist” or “freedom fighters” or “insurgents”. For example, a 2005 memo to the staff of the CBC states: Rather than calling assailants “terrorists,” we can refer to them as bombers, hijackers, gunmen (if we?re sure no women were in the group), militants, extremists, attackers or some other appropriate noun.

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